In Philippine civil law, obligations and contracts fall under the Civil Code, which governs the nature, effects, and remedies for breach of obligations. Here is a thorough analysis of the remedies for breach of obligations within the framework you specified.

I. Nature of Obligations

Obligations in Philippine civil law are defined under Article 1156 of the Civil Code as "a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do." This means that an obligation is a legal bond whereby one party (the obligor or debtor) is required to perform or abstain from a certain act for the benefit of another party (the obligee or creditor). The sources of obligations can be law, contracts, quasi-contracts, delicts (or crimes), and quasi-delicts (or torts).

II. Classification of Obligations

Obligations can be classified by various attributes, such as:

Positive and Negative: Positive (to give or to do), and Negative (not to do something).
Divisible and Indivisible: Obligations are divisible when they can be partially fulfilled without affecting the purpose of the contract, while indivisible obligations cannot be separated.
With a Penal Clause: Some obligations include penalties for non-fulfillment.

III. Breach of Obligations

Breach occurs when the obligor fails to fulfill their duty, leading to the non-performance, incomplete performance, or faulty performance of the obligation. Breach can arise from:

Default (Delay): The obligor fails to perform the obligation on time.
Fraud (Dolo): There is intentional deceit or malice in failing to perform the obligation.
Negligence (Culpa): Failure to perform due to lack of due care.
Fortuitous Event: Events beyond the control of the obligor, although in general, fortuitous events relieve liability unless otherwise agreed.

IV. Remedies for Breach of Obligations

When an obligation is breached, the law provides various remedies for the obligee, depending on the nature of the obligation and breach. Remedies include specific performance, rescission, damages, and in some cases, suspension of the obligor's rights.

1. Specific Performance

Specific performance is an action where the obligee demands the obligor fulfill their obligation as originally agreed upon.
Under Article 1165, if the obligation consists of giving something and the obligor delays or fails to perform, the creditor may compel performance or demand payment for damages.
For obligations to do, specific performance may be requested, although if the obligor refuses, the creditor may seek damages instead or have the obligation completed by a third party at the debtor’s expense.

2. Rescission (Resolution)

Rescission or resolution is the remedy that cancels the contract, returning both parties to their original state as if the contract had not existed.
Articles 1191 and 1381 allow rescission due to breach, especially in reciprocal obligations where one party's failure to perform warrants the dissolution of the contract.
Rescission is appropriate in cases where:
- There is a substantial or fundamental breach.
- Specific performance is impossible or cannot satisfy the obligation.
The court generally decides rescission upon proof that the breach was substantial enough to defeat the purpose of the contract.

3. Damages

Damages are awarded as monetary compensation for the harm suffered due to the breach of obligation. The Civil Code outlines several types of damages that may be claimed, including:
- Actual or Compensatory Damages (Article 2199): Reimbursement for proven pecuniary loss.
- Moral Damages (Articles 2217-2220): For mental anguish, emotional suffering, social humiliation, etc., as long as they are the proximate result of the breach.
- Nominal Damages (Article 2221): Granted when there is no substantial injury but a breach has occurred.
- Temperate or Moderate Damages (Article 2224): Allowed when the exact amount of loss cannot be determined but is acknowledged.
- Exemplary Damages (Article 2229): Punitive damages imposed as an example for the public to deter similar conduct.
Damages must meet criteria set out in the Civil Code. The breach must be due to the debtor’s fault or negligence unless the obligation is breached due to force majeure, in which case damages may not be claimed unless agreed otherwise.

4. Suspension of Obligor’s Rights in Reciprocal Obligations

In reciprocal obligations, Article 1191 of the Civil Code gives the creditor the right to withhold their performance until the obligor complies with their obligations.
This suspension serves as leverage, compelling performance without needing immediate rescission or action for damages.

5. Interest for Delay (Mora)

In cases of delay (mora), Articles 2209-2213 allow for the imposition of interest, either as stipulated in the contract or, in the absence of such stipulation, at the legal rate (usually 6% or 12% depending on the nature of the obligation).
Interest serves to compensate the creditor for the time lost due to the debtor’s delay in performance.

6. Penalty Clause

When obligations are secured with a penalty clause (Articles 1226-1230), the creditor may demand the penalty in addition to or in place of performance, depending on the agreement. However, penalties cannot be imposed arbitrarily and should be just and reasonable.

V. Defense of the Debtor in Breach Situations

The debtor has certain defenses available to mitigate or avoid liability in case of breach:

Force Majeure (Fortuitous Event): If the breach was due to unforeseen, uncontrollable events, the debtor may be relieved of responsibility.
Mutual Neglect: In cases where both parties are at fault, the court may proportionately reduce the damages owed.
Proof of Performance or Compliance: The debtor may present evidence that they fulfilled their obligation per the contract terms.

VI. Judicial Discretion and Equitable Remedies

Philippine courts hold broad discretion in awarding remedies for breach of obligations. They can reduce excessively punitive penalties, adjust damages to reflect fairness, and even order alternative remedies based on equity.

In summary, the Philippine Civil Code provides a comprehensive framework for dealing with breaches of obligation, prioritizing restitution and fairness. The available remedies, from specific performance to damages, are aimed at restoring the balance of obligations and protecting the aggrieved party’s rights, while ensuring the obligor’s liabilities align with the nature and extent of their breach.