Free Bar Reviewers 2025
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Subjects
I. THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
A. Nature and Concept of a Constitution
II. BASIC CONCEPTS
A. Declaration of Principles and State Policies
B. Sovereignty
G. Fundamental Powers of the State
1. Police Power
3. Taxation
III. NATIONAL TERRITORY
A. Scope (Terrestrial, Aerial, and Fluvial Domains)
IV. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. Constitutional Safeguards to Ensure Independence
C. Powers, Functions, and Jurisdiction
D. Composition and Qualifications of Members
E. Prohibited Offices and Interests
F. Judicial Review of Final Orders, Resolutions, and Decisions
G. Rendered in the Exercise of Quasi-Judicial Functions
H. Rendered in the Exercise of Administrative Functions
V. CITIZENSHIP
B. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship
C. Natural Born and Naturalized Citizens
D. Loss and Re-acquisition of Philippine Citizenship
1. Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9225 or the Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003
E. Dual Citizenship and Dual Allegiance
VI. EDUCATION, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE, AND SPORTS
VII. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
1. R.A. No. 11659 or the New Public Services Act
C. Nationalist and Citizenship Requirement Provisions
D. Exploration, Development, and Utilization of Natural Resources
E. Acquisition, Ownership, and Transfer of Public and Private Lands
VIII. LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS
B. Modes of Acquiring Title to Public Office
C. Modes and Kinds of Appointment
D. Eligibility and Qualification Requirements
E. Disabilities and Inhibitions of Public Officers
F. Powers and Duties of Public Officers
H. Liabilities of Public Officers
1. Preventive Suspension and Back Salaries
2. Illegal Dismissal, Reinstatement, and Back Salaries
I. Immunity of Public Officers
J. De Facto and De Jure Officers
K. Termination of Official Relation
1. Scope
2. Appointments to the Civil Service
M. Accountability of Public Officers
b. Criminal
c. Civil
2. Discipline
a. Grounds
b. Jurisdiction
c. Dismissal, Preventive Suspension, Reinstatement, and Back Salaries
3. Impeachment and Quo Warranto
a. Functions
b. Judicial Review in Administrative Proceedings
c. Judicial Review in Penal Proceedings
N. Term Limits
IX. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
2. Principle of Non-delegability; Exceptions
B. Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications
1. Senate
a. District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment
C. Declaration of the Existence of a State of War
D. Legislative Privileges, Inhibitions, and Disqualifications
E. Quorum and Voting Majorities
H. Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments
1. Nature
2. Powers
1. Legislative Inquiries and Oversight Functions
3. Limitations on Legislative Power
4. Limitations on Revenue, Appropriations, and Tariff
X. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
A. Qualifications, Election, and Term of the President and Vice-President
B. Privileges, Inhibitions, and Disqualifications
1. General Executive and Administrative Powers
a. Process of Confirmation by the Commission on Appointments
b. Bypassed Appointments and their Effects
c. Appointments by an Acting President
d. Scope of Midnight Appointments
f. Disciplinary Power (Suspension and Removal)
3. Power of Control and Supervision
a. Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency
b. Executive Departments and Offices
c. Local Government Units (LGU)
b. Forms of Executive Clemency
a. In General
b. To Contract or Guarantee Foreign Loans
c. Entry into Treaties or International Agreements; Withdrawal and Termination
8. Powers Relative to Appropriation Measures
10. Residual powers
11. Veto powers
XII. THE BILL OF RIGHTS
A. Private Acts and the Bill of Rights
B. Due Process
3. Judicial and Administrative Due Process
1. Requisites for Valid Classification
2. Standards of Judicial Review
D. Arrests, Searches, and Seizures
1. Requisites of a Valid Warrant
2. Warrantless Arrests and Searches
E. Privacy of Communications and Correspondence
1. R.A. No. 10173 or the Data Privacy Act
F. Freedom of Speech and Expression
1. Prior Restraint and Subsequent Punishment
2. Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulations
3. Facial Challenges and Overbreadth Doctrine
4. Tests to Determine the Validity of Governmental Regulation
5. State Regulation of Different Types of Mass Media
7. Unprotected Speech; Libel and Hate Speech
1. Non-Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses
2. Separation of Church and State
3. Benevolent Neutrality and Conscientious Objector
4. Tests to Determine the Validity of Governmental Regulation
H. Liberty of Abode and Right to Travel
2. Watch-List and Hold Departure Orders
1. Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016 or Freedom of Information
2. R.A. No. 11032 or the Ease of Doing Business Act
1. Concept
2. Public Use
L. Non-Impairment of Contracts
M. Free Access to Courts and Adequate Legal Assistance
1. Requisites of a Valid Waiver and the Exclusionary Rule
2. The Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation under R.A. No. 7438
2. Bail
P. Right to Speedy Trial and Speedy Disposition of Cases
Q. Right Against Self-incrimination
R. Right Against Double Jeopardy
S. Right Against Involuntary Servitude
T. Right Against Excessive Fines, and Cruel and Inhuman Punishments
V. Ex Post Facto Laws and Bills of Attainder
W. Writs of Habeas Corpus, Kalikasan, Habeas Data, and Amparo
XIII. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
C. Powers of Administrative Agencies
1. Quasi-Legislative or Rule-Making Power
a. Kinds of Administrative Rules and Regulations
2. Quasi-Judicial or Adjudicatory Power
b. Administrative Appeal and Review
c. Administrative Res Judicata
3. Fact-finding, Investigative, Licensing, and Rate-Fixing Powers
D. Judicial Recourse and Review
1. Doctrine of Primary Administrative Jurisdiction
XIV. ELECTION LAW
A. Suffrage
1. Qualifications and Disqualification of Voters
2. Registration and Deactivation of Voters
3. Inclusion and Exclusion Proceedings
4. Local and Overseas Absentee Voting
B. Candidacy
1. Qualifications and Disqualifications of Candidates
2. Filing of Certificates of Candidacy
b. Substitution and Withdrawal of Candidates
d. Duties of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
3. Ministerial Duty of COMELEC to Receive Certificates of Candidacy
4. Effect of Filing of Certificate of Candidacy
5. Eligibility and Material Misrepresentation
6. Withdrawal of Certificates of Candidacy
7. Effects of Denial and Cancellation of Certificate of Candidacy due to Material Misrepresentation
9. Nuisance Candidates and Effects of Declaration of Nuisance Candidacy
10. Disqualification of Candidates; Effects
C. Campaign
3. Lawful and Prohibited Election Propaganda
5. Statement of Contributions and Expenses
1. Petition to Deny Due Course or Cancel a Certificate of Candidacy
2. Petition for Disqualification
3. Failure of Election; Call for Special Election
4. Pre-Proclamation Controversy
6. Quo Warranto
7. Recall
E. Prosecution of Election Offenses [Exclude: Penal Provisions]
XV. LAW ON LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
1. Concept; Distinguished from Government-Owned or Controlled Corporations
i. Elements
iii. Requisites for Creation, Conversion, Division, Merger or Dissolution
B. Principles of Local Autonomy
C. Autonomous Regions and their Relation to the National Government
D. LGUs
1. Powers
a. Police Power
c. Taxing Power
d. Closure and Opening of Roads
3. Settlement of Boundary Disputes
4. Vacancies and Succession of Local Officials
5. Recall
6. Term Limits
XVI. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. Concepts
B. Relationship Between International and Philippine Domestic Law
C. Sources of International Law
1. International Court of Justice Statute
2. Effect of United Nations Declarations, Security Council Resolutions
3. Effect of Actions of Organs of International Organizations Created by Treaty
D. Subjects of International Law
1. States
2. International Organizations
3. Individuals
4. Others
b. Nationality Principle and Statelessness
e. Passive Personality Principle
2. Exemptions from Jurisdiction
b. International Organizations and their Officers
c. Diplomatic and Consular Law
F. Nationality and Statelessness
G. General Principles of Treaty Law
H. Doctrine of State Responsibility
I. Refugees
1. Extradition
b. Procedure
c. Distinguished from Deportation
K. International Human Rights Law
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
L. International Humanitarian Law
1. Categories of Armed Conflicts
a. International Armed Conflicts
b. Internal or Non-international Armed Conflict
2. War Crimes, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity
3. The Role of the International Criminal Court
M. Judicial and Arbitral Settlement
1. International Court of Justice
2. Permanent Court of Arbitration
3. Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes
1. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
3. Maritime and Territorial Disputes
O. International Environmental Law
1. Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration
XVII. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR JUDICIAL INNOVATIONS 2022- 2027
A. Challenges
I. BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
A. Corporations
b. Nationality of Corporations
i. Control Test
ii. Grandfather Rule
c. Doctrine of Separate Juridical Personality
d. Doctrine of Piercing the Corporate Veil
3. Incorporation and Organization
a. Number and Qualifications of Incorporators
e. Articles of Incorporation, Corporate Name, and Commencement of Corporate Existence
f. By-Laws
4. Directors, Trustees, and Officers
a. Qualifications and Disqualifications
b. Elections
d. Term, Holdover, and Removal
e. Vacancy
g. Duties, Liability, and Dealings of Directors
h. Doctrine of Centralized Management
j. Doctrine of Apparent Authority
k. Doctrine of Ratification or Estoppel
5. Powers of Corporations; Incidental Powers; Ultra Vires Doctrine
a. Doctrine of Equality of Shares
b. Participation in Management; Voting Requirements
iii. Pre-emptive Right
iv. Appraisal Right
d. Derivative Suit; Intra-corporate Suit
e. Delinquency
7. Mergers, Consolidations, and Acquisitions
b. Business Enterprise Transfer
8. Corporate Dissolution and Liquidation
a. Personality to Sue and Suability
b. Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7042, as amended by R.A. Nos. 8179 and 11647 or the Foreign Investments Act
i. “Doing Business in the Philippines”
iii. Nationalized Activities and the Negative List
B. Partnerships
a. Definition and Separate Juridical Personality
b. Rules to Determine Existence
c. Separate Juridical Personality
2. Obligations of Partners among Themselves
3. Property Rights of Partners
4. Obligations of Partnership; Obligations of Partners to Third Persons
II. INSURANCE
Presidential Decree No.612, as amended by Republic Act No.10607
C. Concealment
E. Policy
F. Warranties
G. Premium
H. Loss
J. Double Insurance; Overinsurance
K. Reinsurance
III. TRANSPORTATION
A. General Principles of Common Carriers
1. Common Carrier vs. Private Carrier
IV. BANKING
A. Secrecy of Bank Deposits (R.A. No.1405 and R.A. No.6426, as amended)
3. Garnishment of Deposits, including Foreign Deposits
B. General Banking Law (R.A. No.8791)
1. Nature of Bank Funds and Bank Deposits
2. Required Diligence of Banks
3. Prohibited Transactions by Bank Directors, Officers, and Employees
1. Definition of Insured Deposit
1. Policy
2. Covered Institutions and their Obligations
b. Predicate Crimes/Unlawful Activity
7. Authority to Inquire, Freezing, and Forfeiture
V. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Republic Act No.8293, as amended
A. Patents
1. Patentable vs. Non-patentable Inventions
3. Rights and Limitations of Patent Owner
5. Cancellation
B. Trademarks
1. Marks vs. Collective Marks vs. Trade Names
3. Ownership, Registration, and Duration
C. Copyrights
3. Rights Conferred by Copyright
VI. SECURED TRANSACTIONS
A. R.A. No.11057 or the Personal Property Security Act
2. Creation of Security Interest
3. Perfection of Security Interest
a. Registration
b. Possession
c. Control
VII. OTHER SPECIAL LAWS AND RULES
A. R.A. No.10142 or the Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act
a. Key Concepts
b. Effects of Commencement Order and Exceptions
3. Liquidation and Effects of Liquidation Order
B. R.A. No.10173 or the Data Privacy Act
1. Personal vs. Sensitive Personal Information
2. Scope
3. Processing of Personal and Sensitive Personal Information; Lawful Basis
4. General Data Privacy Principles
C. R.A. No.8792 or the Electronic Commerce Act
1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Data Messages, Documents, and Signatures
2. Lawful Access and Obligation of Confidentiality
D. Commonwealth Act No.146 as amended by R.A. No.11659 or the Public Service Act
VIII. TAXATION LAW
1. Concept and Definition of Taxation
2. Inherent and Constitutional Limitations of Taxation
4. Lifeblood Doctrine; Manifestations; Prohibition on Compensation and Set-off, Impact, Effect
5. Authority of Congress, Secretary of Finance, Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR)
6. Construction and Interpretation of Tax Laws, Rules, and Regulations
b. Indirect Duplicate Taxation
c. Mitigants
ii. Tax Credit
iii. Tax Deduction
iv. Tax Discount
c. Tax Evasion
a. Nature – Exempt Person vs. Exempt Transaction
c. Contractual
d. Construction of Tax Exemption Laws
e. Revocation
10. Compromise and Tax Amnesty
11. Taxpayer’s Suit: Rationale and Requisites
1. Income Tax
a. Nature and General Principles
i. Criteria in Imposing Philippine Income Tax
ii. Types of Philippine Income Taxes
iii. Kinds of Taxpayers – Individual, Corporations, Trusts, Estate
(a) Individual vs. Corporate Income Taxation – Schedular vs. Flat Rate
(b) Income Tax on Special Corporations
b. Income
i. Definition
ii. Realization and Recognition of Income
iii. Taxability of Income
iv. Income Sources
(d) Income from Dealings in Property
(1) Capital vs. Ordinary Asset
(f) Gross Income vs. Net Income vs. Taxable Income
(1) Tax Deductions vs. Tax Credits
(2) Optional Standard Deduction
(1) Rationale
(2) Creditable vs. Withholding Taxes
(3) Duties of a Withholding Agent
a. Concept and Elements of VATable Transactions
b. Impact and Incidence of Tax
c. Destination Principle; Cross-Border Doctrine
d. Transactions Deemed Sale Subject to VAT
f. VAT Exempt Persons vs. VAT Exempt Transactions
3. Tax Remedies
i. Tax Deficiency vs. Tax Delinquency
ii. Tax Evasion
i. Deficiency Interest and Delinquency Interest
ii. Surcharge
iii. Compromise Penalty
ii. Submission of Supporting Documents by taxpayer
iv. Issuance of Preliminary Assessment Notice
v. Issuance of Formal letter of Demand/Final Assessment Notice
a. Prescriptive Period for Assessment
(1) False Returns vs. Fraudulent Returns vs. Non Filing Returns
b. Suspension of the Running of Statute of Limitations
i. Requisites
b. Effect of Failure to File Protest
ii. Submission of Supporting Documents by Taxpayer
iii. Decision of the Commissioner on the Protest
a. Period to Act Upon or Decide on Protest Filed
b. Remedies of the Taxpayer in case the CIR Denies the Protest or Fails to Act on the Protest
c. Effect of Failure to Appeal
iv. Compromise and Abatement of Taxes
v. Recovery of Tax Erroneously or Illegally Collected
b. Proper Party to File Claim for Refund or Tax Credit
a. Tax Lien
c. Forfeiture of Real Property
d. Suspension of Business Operation
a. Civil Action
c. Non-Availability of Injunction on Collection
IX. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR JUDICIAL INNOVATIONS 2022-2027
A. Challenges
I. PRELIMINARY TITLE
A. Effect and Application of Laws
3. Instances when laws are given retroactive effect by way of exception
4. Nullity of acts committed in violation of mandatory or prohibitory laws; Exceptions
5. Waiver
6. Void Laws
a. Exception posed by the Doctrine of Operative Fact
ii. Prospective Application of Doctrines; Exception
a. Section 31, Chapter VIII, Book I of the Revised Administrative Code of 1987
9. Principle of generality of criminal law
10. Conflict of Laws
II. PERSONS
i. Sections 2, 4 and 18 of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 11232
1. Presumption of capacity to act
2. Acquisition of Capacity to Act – R.A. No. 6809
C. Restrictions on capacity to act
1. Further restrictions on capacity to act arising from minority – R.A. No. 11596
III. FAMILY CODE
A. Marriage
b. Essential and Formal Requisites of Marriage
c. Effects of Absence, Defect or Irregularity of the Requisites
d. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife
2. Validity of Marriages Celebrated Abroad
a. Grounds available to have marriages celebrated abroad declared null and void in the Philippines;
3. Mixed Marriages and Foreign Divorce
a. See Republic v. Manalo, 831 Phil. 33 (2018)
a. Different Grounds for Nullity
i. See also R.A. No. 11596 and Tan-Andal v. Andal, G.R. No. 196359, May 11, 2021
b. Legal standing to file a petition for declaration of nullity
c. Collateral attack to assail validity of a marriage
d. Legal Consequences of Declaring a Marriage as Null and Void
a. Grounds
b. Defenses
c. Legal Consequences of Annulment of Marriage
a. Grounds
b. Defenses
c. Legal Consequences of Legal Separation
7. Property Relations Between the Spouses
a. Ante-Nuptial Agreements or Marriage Settlements
i. Absolute Community of Property Regime
ii. Conjugal Partnership of Gains Regime
iii. Complete Separation of Property Regime or Judicial Separation of Property
d. Rules Common to Both Absolute Community of Property and Conjugal Partnership of Gains
e. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage
a. Concepts of Paternity, Filiation, and Legitimacy
i. Who are Legitimate Children
ii. Proof and period to establish legitimate filiation
iii. Rights of Legitimate Children
iv. Standing to Impugn Legitimacy
v. Grounds to Impugn Legitimacy
vi. Prescriptive periods to impugn legitimacy
i. Who are Illegitimate Children
ii. Proof of Filiation of Illegitimate Children
iii. Rights of Illegitimate Children – R.A. No. 9255
iv. Grounds to Impugn Filiation
i. Who May be Legitimated - R.A. No. 9858
ii. How Legitimation Takes Place
iii. Grounds to Impugn Legitimacy
iii. Administrative Process of Adoption
vii. Foundlings; Citizenship Status and Administrative Adoption of Foundlings under R.A. No. 11767
9. Support
b. Who are Obliged to Give Support
a. Concept of Parental Authority
b. Substitute Parental Authority
d. Effects of Parental Authority
IV. CIVIL REGISTER
A. Correction of Entries in the Civil Register
2. R.A. No. 9048 as amended by R.A. No. 10172
V. OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
A. Obligations
1. Civil and Natural Obligations
a. Definition
3. Nature and Effects of Obligations
b. Remedies for Breach of Obligations
c. Defense of Fortuitous Event
4. Different Kinds of Obligations
a. Pure
b. Conditional; Kinds of Conditions
e. Joint and Solidary Obligations
f. Divisible and Indivisible Obligations
g. Obligations with a Penal Clause
5. Extinguishment of Obligations
a. Payment
ii. Capacity and/or Identity of Payor or Payee
ii. Requisites
iii. Effect of Loss on an Obligation
v. Principle of Rebus Sic Stantibus as applied to obligations
c. Condonation
d. Confusion
e. Compensation
i. Requisites
ii. Effect of Assignment of Credit on right to invoke compensation
f. Novation
ii. Express and Implied Novation
iii. Expromision and Delegacion Distinguished
(a) Consent Required
(b) Effect of Insolvency of New Debtor
iv. Legal and Conventional Subrogation
6. Estoppel
B. Contracts
ii. Natural Elements
2. Basic Principles of Contracts
a. Obligatory Force of a Contract
b. Freedom to Stipulate (Autonomy of the Will) and its Limitations
c. Relativity
i. Concept
ii. Exceptions to the Rule on Privity of Contracts
ii. Exceptions
iii. Reformation of Instruments
3. Real vs. Consensual Contracts
4. Form, Reformation, and Interpretation of Contracts
VI. WILLS AND SUCCESSION
A. Succession
1. Definition
a. Death
b. Inheritance
i. Property
ii. Rights
iii. Obligations
iv. Extent of a Person’s Liability for an Inherited Obligation
c. Successors
i. Heirs
ii. Voluntary Heirs
iii. Compulsory Heirs
iv. Intestate Heirs
d. Acceptance
B. Different Kinds of Succession
a. Concept
b. Wills
ii. Effect of simply providing for disinheritance
d. Kinds of Wills: Notarial and Holographic Wills
i. Requisites Common to Notarial and Holographic Wills
ii. Requisites of a valid Notarial Will
iii. Special Requirements
iv. Requisites of a valid Holographic Will
e. Codicils and Doctrine of Incorporation by Reference
f. Revocation of Wills and Testamentary Dispositions
i. Modes
iii. Doctrine of Dependent Relative Revocation
g. Republication and Revival of Wills
h. Allowance and Disallowance of Wills
i. Institution and Substitution of Heirs
j. Dispositions with a Condition or Term
i. Instances when legacy/device is deemed revoked
b. Computation of the Net Hereditary Estate
c. Determination of the Legitime
d. Consequence of Impairment of the Legitime
e. Preterition
i. Requisites
ii. Grounds
iii. Effects of Disinheritance
v. Preterition vs. Defective Disinheritance
b. Order of Intestate Succession
c. Rule of Proximity and Rule of Equality
C. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession
2. Rule of Preference of Lines
4. Right of Accretion in intestate and testate succession
5. Collation
6. Acceptance and Repudiation of Inheritance
b. No right of representation when there is repudiation
VII. SPECIAL CONTRACTS
a. Contract of Sale vs. Contract to Sell
d. Earnest Money in Contract of Sale and Contract to Sell
4. Double Sale
5. Effects of Loss of Thing Sold
6. Recto Law
a. Transactions covered by the Maceda Law
b. Computation of the number of installments made
c. Rights given to the buyer on installment
d. Requisites for a valid cancellation under the Maceda Law
e. Consequence of failure to comply with the requisites of a valid cancellation under the Maceda Law
8. Conventional and Legal Redemption
1. Rights and Obligations of the Lessor and Lessee
2. Sublease and Assignment of Lease
C. Agency
2. Obligations of Agent and Principal
VIII. CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
A. Loans
1. Definition
a. Commodatum
b. Mutuum
B. Deposit
1. Definition
a. Judicial
1. Nature and Extent of Guaranty
1. Requisites
3. Foreclosure
IX. PROPERTY, OWNERSHIP, AND ITS MODIFICATIONS
A. Property
1. Requisites
ii. Movable Property
i. Property of Private Ownership
ii. Property of Public Dominion
B. Ownership
1. Definition
a. Difference between real and personal rights
5. Actions to Recover Ownership and Possession of Property
b. Kinds
iii. Accession Natural
iv. Accession Industrial in relation to Immovable Property
v. Accession Industrial in relation to Movable Property
7. Co-Ownership
a. Definition
b. Quantitative and Qualitative Concept of Co-ownership
c. Consequences of Co-ownership
d. Right of Legal Redemption given to Co-owners of a co-owner selling his or her ideal share
i. Requisites
e. Partition
f. Prescription among co-owners
8. Possession
a. Definition
b. Classification of Possession
i. Possession exercised in one’s own name or in the name of another
ii. Possession in concept of owner and possession in concept of holder
iii. Possession in good faith or bad faith
i. Nature of possession required for acquisitive prescription
iii. Right to the fruits
iv. Right to Necessary Expenses, Useful Expenses and Luxurious Expenses
v. Effect of limited right of removal on the right to useful and luxurious improvements
vi. Possession equivalent to title
9. Easements
d. Modes of Acquiring Easements
e. Rights and obligations of the dominant and servient estate
f. Modes of Extinguishment of Easements
C. Different Modes of Acquiring Ownership
1. Occupation
2. Tradition
3. Donation
d. Distinctions Between Mortis Causa and Inter Vivos Donations
e. Donations Mortis Causa as Testamentary Dispositions
f. Form
4. Prescription
X. QUASI-CONTRACTS
A. Definition of Quasi Contracts
B. Kinds
a. Distinction from Accion in Rem Verso
b. Mistake of law as basis for solutio indebiti
c. Significance of good faith on the part of the payee
XI. QUASI-DELICTS
A. Principles
2. Persons Made Responsible for Others
a. In General
ii. Indirect liability for intentional acts
iii. Presumption of negligence on persons indirectly responsible
i. Parents
ii. Guardian
iii. Owners and Managers of Establishments and Enterprises
iv. Employers
v. State
vi. Teachers and Heads of Establishments of Arts and Trades
1. Concept
a. Distinguished from Immediate Cause
b. Distinguished from Intervening Cause
c. Distinguished from Remote and Concurrent
2. Legal Cause
a. Natural and Probable Consequences
3. Efficient Intervening Cause
1. Intentional
2. Negligent
E. Defenses
3. Accident or fortuitous event
7. Prescription
8. Waiver
F. Medical Negligence and Malpractice
XII. DAMAGES
B. Kinds
1. Actual and Compensatory Damages
4. Temperate or Moderate Damages
6. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
XIII. LAND TITLES AND DEEDS
2. Review of Decree of Registration
3. Innocent Purchaser for Value; Rights
C. National Restrictions on Land Ownership
D. Confirmation of Imperfect Titles - R.A. No. 11573
2. Involuntary Dealings; Adverse Claims and Notice of Lis Pendens
F. Non-Registrable Properties (Civil Code)
G. Dealings with Unregistered Lands
2. Conditions for Compensation from Assurance Fund
3. Parties named as respondents in action to claim against the Assurance Fund
4. Reckoning point of the prescriptive period to claim against the Assurance Fund
XIV. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR JUDICIAL INNOVATIONS 2022-2027
A. Challenges