To provide a thorough and meticulous explanation on the specified topic, we’ll delve into the pertinent sections of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 11232, or the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines, focusing on Sections 2, 4, and 18 under the context of Civil Law: specifically, juridical persons, their personality acquisition, and juridical capacity.

Overview of Juridical Capacity in Civil Law

In Civil Law, a juridical person refers to an entity (such as a corporation) that is given rights and responsibilities, which allows it to enter into transactions, enter contractual obligations, and even be held liable as a single entity, separate from its members. Juridical capacity is therefore the quality that grants the entity its legal personality.

The Revised Corporation Code, enacted by R.A. No. 11232, regulates the formation, powers, functions, and responsibilities of corporations, offering a comprehensive framework for the acquisition and regulation of juridical personality. Let’s examine each of the mentioned sections in detail:

Section 2: Corporation Defined

Under Section 2 of R.A. No. 11232:

A corporation is defined as an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession, and the powers, attributes, and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence.
This definition embodies the legal personality granted to corporations, distinguishing them as separate from the natural persons (e.g., incorporators, directors) who compose them.

Implications:

The legal fiction of a corporation allows it to act as a "person" within the law, which can acquire assets, incur liabilities, sue, and be sued independently of its shareholders.
Juridical persons are given a level of permanence through the “right of succession,” meaning that their existence does not depend on the lives of their members or directors; they continue to exist as long as legally permissible.

This fundamental section grants corporations their personality, enabling them to engage in legal acts as a juridical person.

Section 4: Corporate Term

Section 4 provides that corporations now have perpetual existence by default, unless the corporation’s articles of incorporation specifically state otherwise.

Key Points:

Perpetual Existence - Unlike the previous corporate code, which limited corporate life to 50 years (with extensions), the Revised Corporation Code allows corporations to have indefinite duration.
Option for Term Limitation - Corporations may still set a fixed term in their articles of incorporation. Once that term expires, the corporation may apply for renewal.
Voluntary Dissolution - Even with perpetual existence, corporations can still dissolve voluntarily or through legal proceedings, allowing shareholders to liquidate the corporation’s assets under specified conditions.

Implications:

This reform enhances business stability and encourages long-term investment by allowing corporations to exist indefinitely.
It reduces the administrative burden on corporations that previously had to apply for extensions of corporate term, which required SEC approval and additional costs.

The adoption of a perpetual term thus strengthens the corporation's juridical personality, making it an entity that can indefinitely own property, enter into contracts, and manage liabilities.

Section 18: Minimum Capital Stock Not Required of Stock Corporations

Section 18 stipulates that stock corporations are no longer required to have a minimum capital stock, except as provided by special laws.

Key Points:

Flexibility for Startups - This provision benefits new corporations, particularly small to medium enterprises (SMEs) and startups, which may lack substantial initial capital but still wish to incorporate.
Initial Paid-up Capital Requirement - Despite the removal of a minimum capital stock requirement, incorporators must still comply with the requirement of at least 25% of the authorized capital stock being subscribed and at least 25% of the subscribed capital being paid upon incorporation.
Special Law Exceptions - Certain industries, such as banking, insurance, and financing, have specific laws requiring minimum capitalization due to the nature of their operations, to safeguard public interest and financial stability.

Implications:

By removing the general minimum capital requirement, R.A. No. 11232 promotes entrepreneurship and corporate inclusivity by lowering financial barriers for incorporation.
Corporations are still obligated to act in good faith in relation to their capitalization, ensuring they maintain sufficient assets to fulfill potential liabilities.

Section 18 thus reinforces the Revised Corporation Code’s intention to make corporate formation accessible while still promoting accountability and solvency within Philippine commerce.

Summary of Sections 2, 4, and 18 of R.A. No. 11232

Section 2: Defines a corporation as an artificial juridical entity with its own legal personality, capable of acting separately from its incorporators and directors.
Section 4: Grants corporations the ability to exist perpetually unless stated otherwise, enhancing corporate stability and encouraging sustained business operations.
Section 18: Removes the requirement for a minimum capital stock for most corporations, except where specific laws demand it, facilitating ease of incorporation, especially for smaller entities.

Each of these sections works collectively to support the core purpose of R.A. No. 11232: simplifying corporate processes, encouraging investment, and modernizing the corporate framework in the Philippines.

Practical Applications

For legal practitioners and business professionals:

Incorporation Strategy: When advising clients on forming a corporation, these sections provide flexibility in structuring corporate terms and capitalization, tailoring them to the business’s unique needs.
Corporate Governance: The perpetual existence provision and lack of minimum capital requirements necessitate prudent governance to ensure a corporation’s longevity and financial soundness, even if it lacks a predetermined capital threshold.
Regulatory Compliance: Understanding when minimum capital requirements apply (e.g., specific industries) is essential to ensuring compliance with sector-specific financial regulations.

These provisions in the Revised Corporation Code underscore a more accessible, resilient corporate environment while maintaining the juridical capacity and integrity of corporations in the Philippines.