Campaign | ELECTION LAW

ELECTION LAW: CAMPAIGN

Election laws in the Philippines, particularly with regard to campaign rules, are governed by several key legal frameworks, including the 1987 Constitution, the Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881), relevant provisions of the Fair Election Act (Republic Act No. 9006), and regulations issued by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). Campaign regulations are essential to maintain the integrity of elections, ensure fair competition, and prevent undue influence by money and power.

I. Definition of "Campaign"

A campaign refers to any act aimed at promoting the election or defeat of a candidate. This includes:

1. Campaigning for or against a candidate – Actions intended to encourage voters to vote for or against a particular candidate, such as speeches, literature distribution, and other public expressions of support or opposition.
2. Political advertisements – Broadcast, print, or online advertisements advocating for a candidate’s election.
3. Political rallies – Public gatherings organized to promote a candidate's electoral platform.
4. Personal appearances – Attendance by a candidate or supporters at public events for the purpose of gaining electoral support.

Campaign activities are bound by strict rules regarding timing, content, funding, and disclosure.

II. Period of Campaigning

The Omnibus Election Code and COMELEC resolutions stipulate that candidates can only engage in campaign activities within the official campaign period:

• For national positions (e.g., President, Vice President, Senators): The campaign period starts 90 days before Election Day.
• For local positions (e.g., Governor, Mayor, Congress members): The campaign period starts 45 days before Election Day.
• Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections have their own timelines as set by COMELEC.

Campaigning outside the official period (referred to as "premature campaigning") is prohibited and punishable under election law, although jurisprudence (e.g., Penera v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 181613) has clarified that candidates who file their Certificate of Candidacy (COC) cannot be considered candidates before the official start of the campaign period. Thus, acts that would have been deemed as premature campaigning are not penalized until the start of the campaign period.

III. Forms of Campaigning

1. Traditional Forms:

• Rallies, parades, and motorcades: Permitted during the campaign period, but require permits from local government units.
• Handbills, posters, and pamphlets: These materials are restricted in terms of size (maximum of 2 x 3 feet) and location. They cannot be posted in public areas not designated by COMELEC (such as schools, parks, government offices), and unauthorized posting is subject to penalties.
• Political advertisements: Time limits are imposed on ads broadcast via TV, radio, and other media:
  • Television ads: Maximum of 120 minutes per station for national candidates; 60 minutes for local candidates.
  • Radio ads: Maximum of 180 minutes per station for national candidates; 90 minutes for local candidates.

2. Online Campaigning:

• Social media has become a significant platform for campaigns, but it is subject to regulations under the Fair Election Act and COMELEC guidelines.
• Candidates must report social media expenses, and there are limits to the spending for online advertisements.
• Trolls, fake news, and misinformation have increasingly been a concern, leading COMELEC to monitor online activities more closely.

3. Prohibited Forms:

• Vote-buying and vote-selling: Offering money, material benefits, or anything of value in exchange for a vote is illegal under Sec. 261 of the Omnibus Election Code.
• Campaigning in places of worship: Religious institutions cannot be used for campaigning under the doctrine of separation of Church and State (1987 Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 6).
• Campaigning using public resources: Public officials cannot use government resources (including vehicles, funds, or personnel) for campaign purposes.

IV. Campaign Finance Regulations

Campaign finance is a critical aspect of election law. Strict rules apply to both contributions and expenditures:

1. Contribution Limits:

• Contributions to candidates from foreign nationals or foreign entities are prohibited (Sec. 96, Omnibus Election Code).
• Donations from corporations are also restricted, except for non-profit organizations.
• Contributions must be properly recorded and disclosed to the COMELEC.

2. Expenditure Limits: The Omnibus Election Code imposes limits on the amount candidates can spend per voter:

• President and Vice-President: Php 10 per voter.
• Candidates with political parties: Php 3 per voter.
• Independent candidates: Php 5 per voter.

Any excess in campaign expenditures can lead to disqualification or criminal charges.

3. Reporting Requirements: Candidates and political parties are required to submit a Statement of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE) within 30 days after Election Day.

• The SOCE must include all contributions received and all expenditures made during the campaign.
• Failure to submit the SOCE can result in penalties, including fines, disqualification from holding public office, or forfeiture of the elected position.

V. Fair Election Practices

Under the Fair Election Act, candidates are expected to adhere to principles of transparency, accountability, and fairness in their campaigns:

1. Truth in Advertising: Candidates and political parties must not engage in false, misleading, or defamatory propaganda.
2. Equal Access to Media: Media outlets are required to provide equal opportunity for air time to all candidates, and any form of media bias or preferential treatment is prohibited.
3. COMELEC Control: The Commission on Elections has supervisory control over the use of media during the campaign period. It can suspend or cancel the broadcast of any political advertisement if deemed unlawful or prejudicial to public interest.

VI. Regulation of Campaign Materials

The display and distribution of campaign materials are strictly regulated:

• Posters and tarpaulins must conform to the size limitations set by the COMELEC (e.g., maximum of 2 x 3 feet).
• Private properties can be used for campaigning with the permission of the owner.
• Campaign materials must not be displayed in public utility vehicles, schools, government offices, or on trees and electric posts.
• The COMELEC may designate common poster areas where candidates can post their materials.

Failure to comply with these regulations can result in administrative penalties and, in severe cases, criminal prosecution.

VII. Prohibited Campaign Practices

Under Section 261 of the Omnibus Election Code, certain acts related to campaigning are considered election offenses, including but not limited to:

• Vote-buying and vote-selling.
• Threats or intimidation to compel someone to vote for or against a candidate.
• Use of illegal propaganda materials or posting in unauthorized places.
• Electioneering within polling precincts on Election Day.
• Coercing or bribing public officials to campaign for a candidate.

Election offenses are penalized with imprisonment, disqualification, and permanent loss of voting rights.

VIII. Oversight by the COMELEC

The Commission on Elections plays a crucial role in enforcing campaign regulations. It has the authority to:

1. Monitor campaign spending.
2. Investigate complaints related to illegal campaigning.
3. Issue penalties or disqualifications for violations of campaign finance rules or election offenses.

The COMELEC also works in partnership with civil society groups and media organizations to ensure transparency and accountability in the conduct of political campaigns.

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In sum, the regulation of campaigns in the Philippines is aimed at promoting fair elections, preventing undue influence by wealth, and ensuring that the electoral process is transparent and competitive. Candidates are expected to adhere to these rules, with the COMELEC acting as the principal regulatory body to ensure compliance.

Statement of Contributions and Expenses | Campaign | ELECTION LAW

Topic: Statement of Contributions and Expenses (SOCE) in Philippine Election Law

The Statement of Contributions and Expenses (SOCE) is a crucial component of Philippine election law, governed primarily by the Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881), Republic Act No. 7166, and pertinent resolutions of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). This document ensures transparency and accountability in campaign financing by requiring candidates, political parties, and other contributors to disclose the financial activities related to the election campaign. Here’s a detailed exposition of the rules governing the SOCE:

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Legal Framework

1. Omnibus Election Code (B.P. 881)

• The Omnibus Election Code (Section 107) requires every candidate and treasurer of political parties to submit a full, true, and itemized statement of all contributions and expenditures in connection with the election.

2. Republic Act No. 7166

• R.A. 7166 (An Act Providing for Synchronized National and Local Elections) further elaborates on the deadlines, required contents, and the significance of submitting the SOCE. It also prescribes penalties for non-compliance.

3. COMELEC Resolutions

• COMELEC issues resolutions before every election cycle to set the specific guidelines for the submission of the SOCE, detailing requirements such as formats, additional information, and deadlines.

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Scope of the SOCE Requirement

1. Who is Required to File?

   • All candidates, whether elected or not. Every candidate, regardless of the election outcome, is obligated to submit a SOCE.
   • Political parties and party-list groups.
   • Contributors. Individuals, organizations, or entities that donate to campaigns may also be required to file SOCEs, especially when exceeding certain contribution thresholds.

2. Who is Exempt?

   • In some cases, candidates for Barangay elections are exempt from the SOCE requirements, subject to specific COMELEC rulings.

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Contents of the SOCE

1. Contributions

   • Cash and In-Kind Contributions: The SOCE must include a detailed listing of all contributions received. This includes cash contributions, in-kind donations (e.g., services, goods, property), and any other forms of support.
   • Source of Contributions: The source of each contribution must be clearly stated, specifying the name of the donor, their address, and the amount/value of the contribution.

2. Expenditures

   • Itemized Expenses: All campaign-related expenditures must be itemized. This includes expenses for advertisements (television, radio, print, online), rallies, staff, equipment, transportation, etc.
   • Permissible Expenditures: The expenditures must comply with the limitations and prohibitions set forth under election law. Candidates must not exceed the legal limits on campaign spending.

3. Disclosure of Unspent Contributions

   • Any unused contributions must also be declared. Under the law, such amounts should be returned to the donors or turned over to the national treasury if donors are not identifiable.

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Deadlines for Submission

1. Timeline

   • The SOCE must be submitted within 30 days after election day. This deadline is strict, and failure to comply has severe consequences.

2. No Extensions

   • There is no extension of the deadline for filing the SOCE, as provided in various COMELEC resolutions.

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Limitations on Campaign Contributions and Expenditures

1. Spending Limits

   • Candidates are subject to spending limits based on the position they are running for, as follows:
     • ₱3.00 per voter for presidential and vice-presidential candidates.
     • ₱10.00 per voter for other candidates without a political party and without support from any political party.
     • ₱5.00 per voter for other candidates with a political party.
     • ₱5.00 per voter for political parties.

2. Prohibited Contributions

   • Candidates may not receive contributions from:
     • Foreign nationals, unless part of a Filipino-owned corporation.
     • Public and private financial institutions.
     • Public utilities or those involved in activities under government concessions.
     • Entities that hold government contracts or are involved in the distribution of goods or services to the public.

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Penalties for Non-Compliance

1. Failure to File SOCE

   • Under Section 14 of R.A. 7166, any candidate or political party failing to file the SOCE within the prescribed period will be subject to the following penalties:
     • Permanent Disqualification: A candidate who fails to submit the SOCE will be disqualified from holding office in the future.
     • Fines: Failure to file the SOCE, whether late or incomplete, can result in hefty fines imposed by COMELEC.

2. Effect on Winning Candidates

   • Winning candidates cannot assume office until they have complied with the SOCE requirement. In fact, non-compliance results in the forfeiture of their seat and the prevention from taking office.

3. Criminal Liability

   • Deliberate falsification or misrepresentation of the SOCE can result in criminal charges, including imprisonment and/or fines.

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SOCE Format and Requirements

1. Standardized Format

   • COMELEC provides a standard template for the SOCE, which candidates and political parties must use. This ensures uniformity and ease of processing.

2. Audit and Review

   • The SOCE is subject to review and audit by COMELEC. Candidates and parties may be required to provide supporting documents such as receipts, invoices, and contracts to substantiate the figures declared in the SOCE.

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Key Principles in Filing SOCE

1. Transparency

   • The SOCE is an instrument for promoting transparency in elections, ensuring that the public is informed of the sources of campaign contributions and how these funds are spent.

2. Accountability

   • Through the SOCE, candidates and political parties are held accountable for their campaign activities, ensuring they operate within legal boundaries and respect election laws.

3. Level Playing Field

   • By enforcing limitations on expenditures and requiring disclosure of contributions, the SOCE mechanism prevents undue influence from wealthy donors or entities, promoting a fair electoral process.

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Recent Developments and Trends

1. Electronic Filing

   • In recent election cycles, COMELEC has introduced the electronic filing of SOCEs to simplify the submission process. This also facilitates quicker auditing and greater transparency.

2. Enforcement and Monitoring

   • COMELEC has ramped up efforts to enforce the timely submission of SOCEs, including more stringent audits and the imposition of penalties for minor infractions.

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Conclusion

The Statement of Contributions and Expenses (SOCE) is a critical document in ensuring the integrity of elections in the Philippines. By requiring the disclosure of contributions and expenses, the law promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in electoral processes. Candidates, political parties, and contributors must adhere to the strict filing requirements, as failure to do so results in severe penalties, including disqualification from public office. COMELEC plays an active role in monitoring compliance, ensuring that elections are conducted in a fair and just manner.

Limitations on Expenses | Campaign | ELECTION LAW

Under Philippine law, election campaigns are governed by specific limitations on campaign expenses to ensure fair and orderly elections. These regulations, which derive from both Political Law and Election Law, are rooted in the Constitution, statutory laws, and regulations issued by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).

Legal Basis:

1. 1987 Philippine Constitution – The Constitution provides the foundation for regulating campaign expenditures to prevent excessive spending and corruption, ensuring free, orderly, and fair elections.
2. Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881) – This is the primary statute governing elections, including campaign expenditure limits.
3. Republic Act No. 7166 (Synchronized Election Law of 1991) – This law provides for the synchronized holding of national and local elections and prescribes further details on limitations on expenses.
4. COMELEC Rules and Resolutions – COMELEC issues resolutions to implement and enforce the laws on campaign expenditures, which candidates and political parties must adhere to.

Limitations on Campaign Expenses

The Omnibus Election Code and Republic Act No. 7166 set specific limits on how much candidates and political parties can spend during an election campaign. These limits depend on the candidate's position and the source of funding.

1. For Candidates

• Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates: A maximum of ₱10 per registered voter in the constituency where the candidate is running.
  • Example: If there are 60 million registered voters, the maximum allowable expenditure would be ₱600 million.
• Other Candidates (Senators, Congressmen, Local Officials, etc.):
  • If the candidate has no political party and no support from any political party, the candidate may spend up to ₱5 per registered voter in the constituency.
  • If the candidate is supported by a political party, the limit is ₱3 per registered voter in the constituency.

2. For Political Parties

• Political parties are allowed to spend ₱5 per registered voter in the constituencies where they have official candidates. This amount is separate from the candidates' own spending limits.

3. For Independent Candidates

• Independent candidates who do not receive any financial aid from a political party may spend up to ₱5 per registered voter in their respective constituency.

4. Limitations on Contributions

Campaign contributions are regulated to avoid undue influence by wealthy individuals, corporations, or special interest groups. The key rules are:

• Prohibited Sources of Contributions:
  • Foreign nationals and foreign corporations are prohibited from making any contributions in connection with elections.
  • Government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) and entities funded wholly or partly by the government are prohibited from contributing to campaign funds.
• Donations by Corporations:
  • Private corporations are allowed to donate, but contributions should be accounted for properly and must be reported to the COMELEC. Certain sectors, such as those involved in public utilities or those that have contracts with the government, are prohibited from contributing.

5. Common Oversights and Prohibited Acts

The following acts related to campaign finance are prohibited under election laws:

• Overspending: Spending more than the allowed limits is considered an election offense punishable by disqualification from office, fines, and imprisonment.
• Unreported Expenditures: All campaign expenses must be fully accounted for and reported to the COMELEC. Failure to submit campaign finance reports or underreporting expenses can result in penalties.
• In-Kind Contributions: Non-monetary donations (such as use of venues, vehicles, etc.) are also considered part of the campaign expenditures and must be reported at their fair market value.
• Third-Party Spending: Any entity or individual who incurs campaign expenses on behalf of a candidate or political party must also account for such expenses and these will be counted towards the candidate’s or party’s total allowed expenditure.

6. Period of Campaigning

Campaign expenditures are only allowed during the official campaign period set by COMELEC. Any spending before or after this period can be considered premature campaigning or overspending.

• Premature Campaigning: This refers to any campaign activity conducted before the official campaign period. Under the Supreme Court's landmark ruling in Penera v. COMELEC, a person who has filed a certificate of candidacy but has not yet been officially declared a candidate cannot be penalized for premature campaigning, as they are technically not a candidate until the official campaign period begins.

7. Reporting and Auditing of Expenses

All candidates and political parties are required to submit a Statement of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE) to the COMELEC within 30 days after the election. This report must include:

• A detailed list of all donations and contributions received.
• A breakdown of all expenses incurred during the campaign.
• All receipts, contracts, and other documentary evidence to support the reported expenses.

COMELEC has the power to audit the SOCEs and impose penalties on candidates or parties who fail to comply with reporting requirements.

8. Sanctions and Penalties

Violations of the limits on campaign spending are considered election offenses under the Omnibus Election Code and can result in severe consequences:

• Disqualification from Office: Candidates found guilty of overspending or other election finance violations may be disqualified from holding public office.
• Fines and Imprisonment: Election offenses can be punished with imprisonment for one to six years, without probation. In addition, offenders may face monetary fines.
• Loss of Voting Privileges: Persons convicted of election offenses may lose their right to vote.
• Ban on Holding Public Office: Offenders can also be permanently disqualified from holding any public office.

Recent Developments and Trends

The COMELEC has been increasingly vigilant in monitoring campaign finance, with the assistance of civil society groups and media. Advances in technology have led to more sophisticated campaign methods, including the use of social media and digital advertising, which COMELEC has started regulating. Recently, there have been calls to reform election laws to account for the growing role of social media, as well as proposals to lower or raise the spending limits based on inflation and the rising costs of campaigns.

Conclusion

The limitations on campaign expenditures in Philippine election law serve as crucial measures to ensure a level playing field among candidates and prevent undue influence of money in elections. Candidates and political parties must adhere strictly to these limits to avoid legal repercussions. COMELEC plays a central role in enforcing these regulations, including the auditing of campaign expenses and the imposition of penalties for violations. Proper compliance not only upholds the integrity of the electoral process but also ensures fairness in the competition for public office.

Lawful and Prohibited Election Propaganda | Campaign | ELECTION LAW

Election Law: Campaign > Lawful and Prohibited Election Propaganda

I. Legal Framework Governing Election Propaganda

Election propaganda in the Philippines is primarily governed by the Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881) and supplemented by regulations and resolutions issued by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The pertinent laws and regulations aim to balance the need for candidates to reach the electorate while preventing abuse, excessive spending, and unethical practices. The core principles revolve around the promotion of clean, fair, and honest elections.

II. Definition of Election Propaganda

Under the Omnibus Election Code, election propaganda refers to any act designed to promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or group of candidates to public office. This includes materials, media use, rallies, advertisements, speeches, and other methods aimed at swaying voters’ opinions.

III. Lawful Election Propaganda

Section 82 of the Omnibus Election Code and COMELEC Resolution No. 10730 (Rules and Regulations Implementing the Fair Elections Act) define and enumerate the lawful forms of election propaganda, including:

1. Printed Materials:

   • Posters, leaflets, stickers, and streamers are allowed, provided they follow prescribed sizes and placements.
     • Posters should not exceed 2 feet by 3 feet in size.
     • Streamers are allowed only for public meetings or rallies and should not exceed 3 feet by 8 feet in size. They may be displayed for a maximum of five days before the event and must be taken down within 24 hours after.
   • Materials must be placed only in common poster areas designated by the COMELEC or in private properties with the owner's consent.

2. Broadcast Media:

   • Radio and television ads are allowed during the official campaign period, but their airtime is limited to:
     • For national candidates: 120 minutes per TV station and 180 minutes per radio station.
     • For local candidates: 60 minutes per TV station and 90 minutes per radio station.
   • All media advertisements must bear the true identity of the candidate or political party.

3. Print Media:

   • Election propaganda in print, such as newspapers, magazines, or any publication, must not exceed 1/4 page for broadsheets and 1/2 page for tabloids.
   • Frequency limits: 3 times a week per newspaper, magazine, or other publication.

4. Online Campaigning:

   • Lawful online campaigning includes the use of social media platforms, websites, and blogs, provided that all paid political advertisements are reported to the COMELEC.
   • Each candidate or party must register their official campaign websites and social media accounts with the COMELEC.
   • Limits on paid online advertisements should follow the cost limitations set for traditional media.

5. Campaign Paraphernalia on Private Property:

   • Election propaganda can be displayed on private property with the consent of the owner, provided the materials comply with the size and content restrictions set by the COMELEC.

6. Public Meetings and Rallies:

   • Candidates are allowed to hold public rallies and meetings. However, permits must be secured from the local government at least five days before the rally.
   • All candidates are entitled to equal access to public venues for campaign purposes.

IV. Prohibited Election Propaganda

Several forms of election propaganda are expressly prohibited under the Omnibus Election Code and COMELEC regulations. These include:

1. Posting Outside Designated Areas:

   • Posting campaign materials in public places such as government offices, schools, and public utility structures (including waiting sheds, sidewalks, street lights, and electric posts) is prohibited.
   • Posters and other materials must not be placed outside common poster areas designated by COMELEC or in areas not authorized by private property owners.

2. Oversized Posters:

   • Any poster or campaign material exceeding the size limits set by the COMELEC (i.e., 2 x 3 feet for posters and 3 x 8 feet for streamers) is considered illegal.

3. Prohibited Media Practices:

   • Paid advertisements in media outside the allowable airtime and space limits are prohibited.
   • Political endorsements disguised as regular news reports or journalistic content (sometimes known as "advertorials") are forbidden.
   • Foreign donations for paid advertisements are also prohibited, as foreign intervention in electioneering is illegal under the Constitution.

4. Using Public Funds:

   • Section 261 of the Omnibus Election Code prohibits candidates and political parties from using public funds, vehicles, facilities, or equipment for election propaganda or campaigning purposes.

5. Vote-Buying:

   • Offering money, goods, or services in exchange for votes is strictly prohibited. This includes giving any form of material benefit to induce or coerce voters.

6. Campaigning Outside the Official Period:

   • Campaigning is prohibited outside the designated official campaign period. Early campaigning is considered an election offense, punishable under COMELEC rules. The campaign period officially begins 90 days before the election for national candidates and 45 days before the election for local candidates.

7. Prohibited Use of Government Resources:

   • It is unlawful to use government employees, offices, and facilities for campaign activities. This includes using government social media platforms, vehicles, or other publicly funded resources for electioneering.

8. Disallowed Campaigning in Certain Areas:

   • Section 5 of COMELEC Resolution No. 10730 prohibits the placement of campaign materials in religious institutions and places of worship.
   • Electioneering within polling places and their surrounding 50-meter radius is prohibited on election day.

9. Prohibition on Electioneering by Public Officials and Employees:

   • Public officials and employees, including members of the Armed Forces and police officers, are prohibited from engaging in any partisan political activity, as stipulated under Section 261 (i) of the Omnibus Election Code.

10. False or Misleading Propaganda:

    • Any election propaganda that misrepresents facts, promotes slander, or discredits the opponents using malicious falsehoods is strictly prohibited.

11. Use of Threats or Intimidation:

    • Any form of coercion, intimidation, or violence aimed at influencing the outcome of the election or discouraging people from voting is illegal under Section 261 (d) of the Omnibus Election Code.

V. COMELEC’s Role in Regulation and Enforcement

The COMELEC plays a central role in ensuring compliance with election laws on propaganda. Its primary functions include:

1. Designation of Common Poster Areas:

   • The COMELEC, in coordination with local government units, designates common poster areas where candidates can lawfully post their campaign materials.

2. Monitoring and Surveillance:

   • The COMELEC monitors media and campaign activities to ensure compliance with limits on airtime, print space, and online advertisements.
   • It may establish COMELEC monitoring teams to investigate and file complaints against candidates violating the rules on propaganda.

3. Enforcement and Penalties:

   • Violations of election propaganda rules can result in serious penalties, including disqualification from running for office, criminal prosecution, and fines.
   • The COMELEC has the authority to issue takedown orders for illegal propaganda materials and to cancel the airing of unauthorized ads.

VI. Conclusion

The regulation of election propaganda under Philippine law aims to create a level playing field in the electoral process while preventing undue influence, overspending, and unfair practices. Candidates must adhere to specific guidelines on the size, content, and placement of campaign materials, and avoid prohibited forms of electioneering, such as vote-buying, early campaigning, and misuse of public resources. The COMELEC is tasked with enforcing these laws to ensure the integrity and fairness of elections in the country.

Prohibited Contributions | Campaign | ELECTION LAW

POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

XIV. ELECTION LAW

C. Campaign

2. Prohibited Contributions

In Philippine Election Law, as governed by the 1987 Constitution, Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881), and other related statutes such as Republic Act No. 7166 (Synchronized Elections Law), there are strict rules on prohibited contributions in relation to election campaigns. These rules are intended to ensure fairness in elections, protect public trust, and prevent undue influence from various entities or persons who may use financial power to influence election outcomes.

Below is a comprehensive breakdown of the topic:

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A. Legal Framework

1. 1987 Constitution

   • Article IX-C, Section 2(7) gives the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) the power to "[register] political parties, organizations or coalitions and accredit citizens' arms of the Commission." It also grants COMELEC authority to "[determine] who may participate in the elections, and to supervise the elections to ensure free, orderly, and honest elections."

2. Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881)

   • The Omnibus Election Code (OEC) contains several key provisions regulating contributions, including limitations and prohibitions.

3. Republic Act No. 7166

   • This law provides for synchronized national and local elections and establishes procedures for campaign finance, including rules on contributions and expenditures.

4. Republic Act No. 9006 (Fair Election Act)

   • While primarily focused on election propaganda, it indirectly touches on contributions by regulating campaign expenditures, limiting the influence of excessive spending.

5. COMELEC Resolutions and Rules

   • COMELEC regularly issues resolutions that detail the rules on campaign finance, including the proper disclosure and handling of contributions and the specific prohibited sources.

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B. Definition of Contribution

Under the Omnibus Election Code, a contribution refers to:

• Cash or in-kind donations for the benefit of a candidate, political party, or campaign committee. These may include money, materials, or services provided without compensation for the purpose of promoting a candidate or political cause.
• Volunteer services are not considered contributions as long as they are genuinely voluntary and not paid.

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C. Prohibited Contributions

The law explicitly identifies specific entities and individuals who are prohibited from making contributions to candidates, political parties, or campaign committees. These prohibitions are designed to avoid conflicts of interest and undue influence on public officials.

1. Foreigners and Foreign Entities

• Foreign Nationals: No foreign national, whether an individual, corporation, or other business entity, is allowed to make contributions to any candidate, political party, or campaign.
• Foreign Governments: Governments of foreign countries or any of their agencies or instrumentalities are prohibited from making contributions, directly or indirectly.

Rationale: The prohibition seeks to prevent external influences from affecting national sovereignty and electoral processes.

2. Public and Government Entities

• Government Agencies and Owned or Controlled Corporations: Government offices, agencies, and corporations owned or controlled by the government are prohibited from making campaign contributions.
• Government Officials and Employees: Public officials and employees are prohibited from contributing to election campaigns using public funds, directly or indirectly.

Rationale: This prevents the misuse of public resources for private political gain and ensures neutrality in government institutions.

3. Financial Institutions

• Banks and Lending Institutions: Banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, and other entities engaged in financing are prohibited from contributing to campaigns.

Rationale: Financial institutions are in a position of power to grant or withhold financial support, which may unduly influence the actions of political figures, creating a conflict of interest.

4. Public Utility Corporations

• Public utility corporations or entities operating under franchise or a license from the government are prohibited from making campaign contributions.

Rationale: Public utilities, due to their regulated nature, could exert significant influence on elected officials, leading to preferential treatment or regulatory bias.

5. Educational Institutions

• Educational institutions that receive grants, subsidies, or any form of financial support from the government are prohibited from making contributions to political campaigns.

Rationale: The prohibition ensures that public education funds and resources are not diverted into political causes, protecting the integrity of public services.

6. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) receiving Government Funds

• NGOs or civil society groups that receive government funds or subsidies cannot contribute to election campaigns.

Rationale: The prohibition prevents the use of public funding or resources in supporting political causes, ensuring fairness and avoiding conflicts of interest.

7. Other Prohibited Entities under Special Laws

• Broadcast and Media Companies: Entities engaged in mass media are prohibited from directly contributing to candidates or political parties. However, media outlets may sell airtime or advertising space, subject to limitations set by law (e.g., Fair Election Act).

Rationale: Media outlets, as major influencers of public opinion, must remain neutral to maintain fairness in the dissemination of information during campaigns.

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D. Criminal Liability for Violating Prohibited Contributions

Violating the rules on prohibited contributions carries penalties, which include:

1. Administrative Sanctions:

   • Disqualification from Office: Candidates who accept prohibited contributions may face disqualification or removal from office.
   • Fines: Political parties and candidates may be fined for accepting contributions from prohibited sources.

2. Criminal Sanctions:

   • Under the Omnibus Election Code, violators may face imprisonment, in addition to other penalties. Involvement in illegal campaign financing may also constitute election offenses, which carry severe penalties including imprisonment of one to six years.
   • Individuals involved in such violations may also face permanent disqualification from holding public office.

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E. Reporting and Disclosure of Contributions

1. COMELEC Reporting Requirements:

   • Candidates and political parties are required to file a Statement of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE) within 30 days after the elections, detailing all contributions received and expenditures made during the campaign.
   • Failure to file the SOCE is penalized with fines, and repeated violations may lead to disqualification from holding public office.

2. Audits and Enforcement:

   • COMELEC is empowered to audit the SOCEs to verify the legality of contributions. Undeclared contributions from prohibited entities may result in sanctions.

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F. Legal Exemptions and Special Cases

1. Volunteer Services:

   • Genuine volunteer services (i.e., services rendered freely without any form of compensation) are not considered contributions. However, if volunteers are paid or receive incentives, their services may be categorized as in-kind contributions, subject to applicable laws.

2. Personal Funds of Candidates:

   • Candidates are allowed to use their personal funds for their campaigns, which are not considered prohibited contributions as long as these are duly reported in their SOCE.

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Conclusion

The laws governing prohibited contributions in Philippine election campaigns are designed to uphold the principles of fairness, transparency, and accountability. By restricting contributions from foreign entities, government agencies, public utilities, and certain corporations, the legal framework aims to prevent undue influence on elections, ensuring that candidates win public office based on merit and public support, rather than the power of financial backers.

In enforcing these prohibitions, the COMELEC plays a crucial role in safeguarding the integrity of the election process by ensuring that all contributions are properly accounted for and come from lawful sources. Violations of these laws are met with stringent penalties, including disqualification and criminal charges, reinforcing the commitment to free and fair elections in the Philippines.

Premature Campaigning | Campaign | ELECTION LAW

Election Law: Premature Campaigning (Political Law and Public International Law)

Legal Framework on Premature Campaigning

Premature campaigning refers to any activity or act by a political candidate aimed at promoting his or her candidacy prior to the official campaign period as prescribed by law. It is prohibited under the Philippine election law to ensure fair play, prevent undue advantage for well-resourced candidates, and preserve the integrity of the electoral process. This prohibition is provided under various laws, including the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881), and relevant Commission on Elections (COMELEC) issuances and Supreme Court jurisprudence.

1. Constitutional and Legal Provisions

• 1987 Philippine Constitution

  • Section 26, Article II of the Constitution promotes equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibits political dynasties and undue advantages in elections. This constitutional provision aligns with the prohibition on premature campaigning to ensure fair competition among candidates.

• Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 881)

  • Section 80 of the Omnibus Election Code specifically defines and prohibits premature campaigning. It states that any person who, whether or not a candidate, performs acts that promote or campaign for a candidate outside of the prescribed campaign period is guilty of premature campaigning.

  • Section 68 provides the penalty for premature campaigning, which may include disqualification of the offending candidate if found guilty.

• Republic Act No. 9369 (Amendment of the Automated Election Law): This is crucial in modern election law, especially after the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Penera v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 181613, November 25, 2009).

2. Definition of Campaigning and the Campaign Period

• Campaign Period: The COMELEC sets the official campaign periods for national and local elections. The campaign period for national candidates (i.e., President, Vice President, Senators) and party-list groups usually starts 90 days before the election. For local candidates (i.e., provincial, city, and municipal), the campaign period begins 45 days before the election.

• Campaigning Acts: Under Section 79 of the Omnibus Election Code, the term "election campaign" or "partisan political activity" includes the following acts:

  • Forming organizations, clubs, committees, or other groups to solicit votes or campaign for or against a candidate.
  • Holding political caucuses, conferences, meetings, rallies, or other similar assemblies to campaign for or against a candidate.
  • Making speeches, announcements, or commentaries for or against a candidate for public office.
  • Publishing or distributing campaign literature, materials, or advertisements to support a candidate.
  • Direct or indirect solicitation of votes or undertaking any activity designed to promote a candidate’s candidacy for public office.

3. Landmark Jurisprudence: Penera v. COMELEC (2009)

The most significant ruling on premature campaigning is Penera v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 181613), which dramatically changed the interpretation of what constitutes premature campaigning. In this case, the Supreme Court redefined the concept of premature campaigning in the context of automated elections.

• Background: The petitioner, Penera, was disqualified for premature campaigning when she participated in a motorcade before the official campaign period.

• Ruling: The Supreme Court initially ruled in favor of disqualification based on Section 80 of the Omnibus Election Code, prohibiting campaigning before the campaign period. However, upon reconsideration, the Court, citing Republic Act No. 9369, ruled that a person can only be considered a “candidate” at the start of the campaign period. Since Penera had filed her certificate of candidacy (COC) before the start of the campaign period, she was not yet a candidate during the alleged premature campaigning act.

• Impact: The Penera ruling effectively held that under the Automated Election System Law (RA 9369), a person who files a certificate of candidacy is not yet considered a candidate before the official start of the campaign period. As such, any campaigning done before this period cannot be considered premature, meaning acts of campaigning before the campaign period are not considered illegal under this ruling. The decision allowed candidates to campaign without legal repercussion even before the official start of the campaign period.

4. Republic Act No. 9369 (Automated Election Law)

• Section 13 of RA 9369 states that a person shall only be considered a candidate at the start of the campaign period. This provision is critical in understanding premature campaigning in the context of automated elections, as it limits the applicability of premature campaigning rules.

5. COMELEC Rules and Regulations

Despite the ruling in Penera v. COMELEC, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) continues to monitor and regulate election activities. COMELEC has issued numerous guidelines, such as COMELEC Resolution No. 9991 and succeeding resolutions, to regulate election activities, including premature campaigning, within the bounds of existing laws and jurisprudence.

• Social Media and Premature Campaigning: As elections evolve in the digital age, the issue of premature campaigning has extended to social media platforms. The COMELEC has sought to regulate political advertisements, endorsements, and electioneering activities on digital platforms through its various resolutions, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where online campaigning has become more prevalent.

6. Penalties for Premature Campaigning

Premature campaigning under the Omnibus Election Code remains an election offense punishable by:

• Disqualification: Under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code, candidates found guilty of premature campaigning may be disqualified from holding public office.
• Election Offense: Under Section 262 of the Omnibus Election Code, premature campaigning is considered an election offense, and violators may be subjected to imprisonment for one to six years, disqualification from holding public office, and deprivation of the right to vote.

7. Key Issues and Ongoing Debates

• Loophole in the Law: The Penera ruling has raised concerns about a legal loophole that allows candidates to campaign before the campaign period without legal consequences. While the intent of the law is to prevent premature campaigning, the ruling has provided an avenue for potential circumvention of the law.

• Need for Legislative Amendments: The ruling in Penera has led to calls for legislative reforms to explicitly address the issue of premature campaigning in the era of automated elections. There is a need to clarify the status of candidates and the regulation of campaign activities prior to the official campaign period.

• Digital Campaigns: With the increasing role of social media in election campaigns, COMELEC faces new challenges in enforcing premature campaigning rules, particularly as candidates use social media platforms to advertise and promote their candidacies well before the official campaign period.

Conclusion

Premature campaigning remains a critical issue in Philippine election law, balancing the principles of fair elections with freedom of speech and the realities of modern campaigning practices. While the Omnibus Election Code clearly prohibits campaigning outside of the prescribed period, the ruling in Penera v. COMELEC has shifted the interpretation of the law in the context of automated elections, allowing potential loopholes for early campaign activities. As election practices evolve, particularly with the rise of digital campaigning, legislative amendments and updated COMELEC regulations may be necessary to ensure that the integrity of the electoral process is preserved.