Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications | LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

IX. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

B. Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications

The Legislative Department of the Philippines is vested in the Congress of the Philippines, which is a bicameral body composed of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

1. The Senate

The Senate is the upper chamber of Congress, composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines.

a. Composition

• The Constitution provides that the Senate shall be composed of 24 members. These members are elected nationwide, meaning every qualified voter in the country votes for their preferred senatorial candidates.
• Senators serve a term of six (6) years and may serve for no more than two consecutive terms (Article VI, Section 4 of the Constitution).

b. Qualifications for Senators (Article VI, Section 3)

A candidate for the Senate must possess the following qualifications:

• Natural-born citizen of the Philippines – Only natural-born citizens, i.e., those who do not have to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship, are eligible to run for the Senate.
• At least 35 years of age on the day of the election – The candidate must be at least 35 years old at the time of the election.
• Able to read and write.
• A registered voter.
• A resident of the Philippines for not less than two (2) years immediately preceding the day of the election.

c. Term of Office

• Senators are elected for a term of six (6) years and can serve for two consecutive terms.
• After serving two consecutive terms, a senator is ineligible to run for the Senate in the immediate succeeding election but may run again after one term has passed.

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2. The House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of Congress and is composed of:

1. District Representatives, elected from legislative districts.
2. Party-list Representatives, elected under the party-list system of representation.

a. Composition

• The Constitution provides for not more than 250 members unless otherwise fixed by law (Article VI, Section 5).
• The House is composed of district representatives, who are elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and Metropolitan Manila based on population and other factors.
• Party-list representatives are chosen under the party-list system, which represents marginalized and underrepresented sectors.

b. Apportionment

• Legislative districts are apportioned based on population, with each district having at least 250,000 inhabitants as required by the Constitution (Article VI, Section 5).
• Apportionment is done by law, meaning Congress may enact laws to adjust the number and boundaries of legislative districts based on population shifts.

c. Party-list System

• Party-list representatives constitute 20% of the total number of representatives, including those under the party-list system.
• The party-list system allows for marginalized, underrepresented sectors, and their organizations to be represented in Congress.
• The qualifications for party-list representatives are determined by law, as provided under Republic Act No. 7941 or the Party-List System Act.

d. Qualifications for Members of the House of Representatives (Article VI, Section 6)

A candidate for the House must possess the following qualifications:

• Natural-born citizen of the Philippines.
• At least 25 years of age on the day of the election.
• Able to read and write.
• A registered voter in the district in which they are elected (for district representatives).
• A resident of the district for not less than one (1) year immediately preceding the day of the election (for district representatives).

e. Term of Office

• Members of the House of Representatives serve a term of three (3) years.
• They are limited to three (3) consecutive terms.
• After serving three consecutive terms, a member is ineligible to run for the House in the immediate succeeding election but may run again after one term has passed.

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3. Special Provisions for Both Chambers

Ineligibility of Senators and Representatives

• No senator or representative may hold any other office or employment in the government during their tenure, except if appointed by the President to any government position (Article VI, Section 13).
• No senator or representative shall be appointed to any office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof increased during their term (Article VI, Section 13).

Prohibition Against Holding Multiple Offices

• Members of Congress are prohibited from holding any other government office or employment while serving in Congress (Article VI, Section 13).

Salaries and Compensation (Article VI, Section 10)

• The salary of senators and representatives shall be determined by law. Any increase in salary cannot take effect until after the expiration of the full term of the incumbent members of Congress approving such increase.

Vacancies (Article VI, Section 9)

• When a vacancy occurs in the Senate or the House, a special election may be called to fill the vacancy, provided it happens at least 18 months before the next regular election.

Immunity from Arrest (Article VI, Section 11)

• Senators and members of the House of Representatives are privileged from arrest while Congress is in session in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment.
• They may not be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in Congress or in any of its committees.

Disclosure of Financial Interests (Article VI, Section 12)

• Every member of Congress must disclose their financial and business interests, which is a transparency measure to prevent conflicts of interest.

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4. Privileges and Responsibilities

Congressional Immunity

• Members of both chambers are immune from arrest during their attendance at sessions of Congress and in going to or returning from the same, except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

Power of Inquiry

• Congress has the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation. Any committee may compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents.

Exclusive Power to Propose and Approve Bills

• All bills, including appropriations, revenue, and tariff bills, must originate in the House of Representatives. However, the Senate may propose or concur with amendments (Article VI, Section 24).

Concurrence of the Senate in Treaties and Appointments

• The Senate must concur, by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, before any treaty entered into by the President becomes valid and effective.
• The Senate also has the power to confirm certain appointments made by the President through the Commission on Appointments, which is composed of members from both chambers.

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This detailed breakdown outlines the composition, qualifications, and responsibilities of members of both chambers of the Congress of the Philippines. The bicameral structure ensures a system of checks and balances within the legislative department, with members elected to represent the diverse interests of the Filipino people.

House of Representatives | Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications | LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

House of Representatives: Composition, Qualifications, and Legislative Framework

The House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the Congress of the Philippines, the other being the Senate. The Philippine Congress is a bicameral legislature, which means it is composed of two separate chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. This section outlines the fundamental elements of the House of Representatives, including its composition, the qualifications for membership, and relevant provisions under the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

1. Composition of the House of Representatives

The House of Representatives consists of members elected from legislative districts and through a party-list system. Its members are officially referred to as Congressmen or Representatives.

A. Legislative District Representatives

• District Representatives are elected by qualified voters of legislative districts, each of which corresponds to a specific geographic area.
• Legislative districts are apportioned based on population and other considerations such as territorial size and continuity.
• Under Article VI, Section 5(1) of the 1987 Constitution, the number of legislative districts must be:
  • Apportioned according to the number of inhabitants of each area, with each district representing approximately 250,000 people.
  • The law must define each district’s boundaries.

B. Party-List Representatives

• Party-list Representatives are elected under the party-list system, where marginalized and underrepresented sectors can obtain seats in Congress.
• Under Article VI, Section 5(2) of the Constitution, the party-list system allows:
  • Sectoral, labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, and other similar groups to gain representation.
• The party-list representatives constitute 20% of the total membership of the House. However, no party-list organization can have more than three seats in the House.

C. Maximum Number of Representatives

• The Constitution sets a maximum of 250 representatives, although the actual number can be increased by law as districts may be re-apportioned due to population changes.
• However, party-list representation is always set at 20% of the total number of House members.

D. Apportionment and Reapportionment

• Apportionment and the creation of new legislative districts is governed by population data, and adjustments occur following each national census.
• New districts must comply with the constitutional mandate that each district represents approximately 250,000 inhabitants. Congress can create or reapportion districts through legislation.

2. Qualifications of Members of the House of Representatives

Under Article VI, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution, the qualifications for a District Representative and a Party-list Representative are the same:

1. Citizenship: A member of the House of Representatives must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their citizenship.

2. Age Requirement: A member must be at least 25 years old on the day of the election.

3. Literacy: The member must be able to read and write.

4. Registered Voter: For district representatives, they must be a registered voter in the district in which they are running.

5. Residency Requirement: For district representatives, the candidate must have been a resident of the district for at least one year immediately preceding the day of the election.

The Constitution does not specify any educational qualifications for Representatives, nor does it require any particular profession or background.

3. Term of Office

• Term Duration: The term of office for members of the House of Representatives is three (3) years.
• Limit on Terms: A Representative may be re-elected but cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms (i.e., a total of 9 years in consecutive service). However, after a break in service, the Representative may run again for another set of terms.

4. Powers and Functions of the House of Representatives

The House of Representatives has the following key powers:

A. Legislative Powers

• The primary function of the House of Representatives is lawmaking. Bills may originate from either the House or the Senate, except for certain specific bills, such as those relating to appropriations, revenue, or tariffs, which must exclusively originate from the House (Article VI, Section 24).

B. Power of Impeachment

• The House of Representatives has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment. Under Article XI, Section 2 of the Constitution, impeachable officials include the President, Vice President, Justices of the Supreme Court, and members of Constitutional Commissions.
• A verified complaint for impeachment must be filed by any member of the House or endorsed by one-third of all its members for automatic referral to the Senate for trial.

C. Electoral Tribunal

• The House of Representatives, along with the Senate, constitutes its own Electoral Tribunal, which decides on all contests relating to the qualifications, elections, and returns of its members.
• The House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET) is composed of nine members, with three Supreme Court justices and six members of the House of Representatives.

5. Legislative Process: House of Representatives

• Initiation of Bills: Most bills can originate in either House, except for money bills (which must originate in the House). All bills must undergo three readings in each chamber before they become law.

• Passage of Bills: A majority vote of all members present (constituting a quorum) is required to pass a bill.

• Bicameral Conference Committee: When the Senate and the House pass differing versions of a bill, a bicameral conference committee is formed to reconcile the differences.

• Approval by the President: After a bill passes both chambers, it is transmitted to the President for approval. The President may sign the bill into law, veto it, or allow it to become law without a signature after 30 days of receipt.

6. Leadership in the House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is led by the Speaker of the House, who is elected by its members. The Speaker has the following powers and functions:

1. Presiding over sessions and maintaining order.
2. Assigning bills and other matters to appropriate committees.
3. Representing the House in all external matters, including relations with the Senate and the President.

The House also has Deputy Speakers, a Majority Floor Leader, and a Minority Floor Leader.

7. House Committees

To efficiently manage legislative work, the House of Representatives operates through various committees. Committees are specialized to handle different areas, such as:

• Appropriations (budget-related matters)
• Ways and Means (taxation and revenue)
• Constitutional Amendments
• Justice
• Public Works
• National Defense

These committees review bills before they reach the plenary for discussion.

8. Party-List System

The Party-list system is provided under Republic Act No. 7941 (Party-List System Act) and is an innovation aimed at ensuring representation for marginalized and underrepresented sectors. Under the 20% rule, the Constitution ensures that sectors such as labor, peasantry, urban poor, women, and indigenous groups are represented.

• Sectoral Representatives: Elected from the party-list system represent marginalized and underrepresented sectors.
• The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC provided clarity on the eligibility of party-list groups, stating that only those representing marginalized sectors should qualify for party-list seats.

Conclusion

The House of Representatives plays a critical role in the democratic governance of the Philippines by enacting laws, representing the people, and performing oversight functions. Its structure, composition, and the processes it follows are crucial to maintaining the checks and balances envisioned by the 1987 Constitution.

Party-List System | House of Representatives | Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications | LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Political Law and Public International Law: Legislative Department > Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications > House of Representatives > Party-List System

The Party-List System is a distinct feature of the Philippine electoral process under the 1987 Constitution. It is designed to promote proportional representation in the House of Representatives and ensure that marginalized and underrepresented sectors of society are given a voice in legislative affairs. Below is a detailed explanation of the key components of the Party-List System under Philippine law.

1. Constitutional Foundation

The 1987 Philippine Constitution, under Article VI, Section 5(2), provides that:

• The House of Representatives shall consist of members elected from legislative districts and those elected through a party-list system.
• The party-list representatives shall constitute 20% of the total number of the House of Representatives.
• The manner and form of the party-list election are left to the discretion of Congress through enabling laws.

2. Republic Act No. 7941 (The Party-List System Act)

Enacted in 1995, RA No. 7941 provides the legal framework for the implementation of the Party-List System. The law ensures proportional representation through the election of party-list groups, organizations, or coalitions in the House of Representatives. Below are the critical features of the Act:

a. Objectives of the Party-List System:

The Party-List System aims to:

• Enhance the representation of marginalized and underrepresented sectors.
• Broaden the base of the legislature by involving sectors that traditionally have no access to political power.
• Institutionalize a system of proportional representation in the legislative branch.

b. Eligibility Requirements:

1. Who may participate:

   • National, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations registered with the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).
   • Sectoral organizations representing labor, peasant, fisherfolk, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and other sectors traditionally marginalized and underrepresented.

2. Qualifications of nominees:

   • Nominees of party-list groups must be Filipino citizens.
   • They should be bona fide members of the party or organization they represent.
   • Nominees must adhere to the advocacy of the party-list they represent and should belong to the sector being represented, except for political parties.

3. Exclusions:

   • Religious organizations are prohibited from participating in the party-list elections.
   • Political parties that are represented in district elections may participate in the party-list system, but they are subject to strict scrutiny to ensure that their participation does not dilute the representation of marginalized sectors.

c. Allocation of Party-List Seats:

1. Number of seats:

   • The Constitution mandates that 20% of the total members of the House of Representatives shall be allocated to party-list representatives. However, the Supreme Court clarified that this percentage pertains to the total number of seats, not a separate allocation.

2. Determining the number of seats: The allocation of seats under the Party-List System follows the multi-seat proportional representation based on the total votes cast for each party-list organization. The rules for determining the seats are:

   • A party-list organization must secure at least 2% of the total votes cast for party-list elections to be entitled to one seat.
   • If an organization garners more than 2%, it may be entitled to additional seats, provided that no party-list organization can hold more than three seats, regardless of the total number of votes.

3. Three-seat cap: No party-list organization is entitled to more than three seats in the House of Representatives. This provision aims to prevent any one organization from dominating the party-list representation.

4. Second-round allocation (Banat v. COMELEC): The Banat v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 179271, 2009) ruling provided clarity on the allocation of party-list seats:

   • Party-list groups that do not meet the 2% threshold are still eligible to be assigned seats under the second round of allocation to ensure that the 20% requirement for party-list representation is met.
   • The formula ensures a more proportional representation system by redistributing seats to groups that may not have met the 2% threshold but still garnered a significant number of votes.

3. Qualifications of Party-List Representatives

Party-list representatives in the House of Representatives must meet the following general requirements:

• Must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines.
• At least 25 years of age on the day of the election.
• Able to read and write.
• A registered voter.
• A resident of the Philippines for at least one year before the election.

4. Key Supreme Court Decisions

Several key Supreme Court rulings have shaped the interpretation and application of the Party-List System:

a. Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 147589, 2001):

This landmark case emphasized that the party-list system is reserved for marginalized and underrepresented sectors. It prohibits the participation of traditional political parties or those not representing marginalized sectors unless they can demonstrate that they advocate for or represent these groups.

b. Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 203766, 2013):

In this case, the Supreme Court redefined the rules on who can participate in the party-list system. It allowed national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations to run under the party-list system, not necessarily limited to the marginalized sectors. The Court clarified that the Constitution does not limit party-list participation to marginalized sectors, and thus, political parties can run provided they represent the interests of marginalized groups or sectors.

c. Banat v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 179271, 2009):

This ruling clarified the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives for party-list groups. It introduced the two-round system of seat allocation, ensuring that all party-list seats are filled even if the 2% threshold is not met by all the participating groups.

5. Challenges and Criticisms of the Party-List System

• Politicization: One of the main criticisms of the party-list system is the alleged participation of elite political clans or powerful political figures, who either use the party-list system as a backdoor to gain more seats in Congress or as a means to expand political influence.

• Non-representative groups: There have been instances where party-list groups that claim to represent marginalized sectors are seen as fronts for political dynasties or traditional political parties. The system has been accused of being co-opted by interest groups that do not genuinely represent the sectors they claim to.

• Dilution of marginalized representation: Some argue that the inclusion of traditional political parties and non-marginalized groups in the party-list system dilutes its original intention of representing marginalized sectors.

6. Reforms Proposed

To address these challenges, various reforms have been proposed, including:

• Stricter vetting of party-list groups and nominees to ensure that they genuinely represent marginalized sectors.
• Revisiting the 2% threshold to allow more equitable distribution of seats to smaller party-list groups.
• Strengthening COMELEC's powers to disqualify groups that are obviously not aligned with the intent of the Party-List System.

7. Party-List in the Broader Context of the Legislative Department

The party-list representatives form part of the broader framework of bicameralism in the Philippines. As part of the lower house, they participate in legislative functions, including the passage of laws, budget appropriations, and the exercise of legislative oversight. They also serve as spokespersons for the sectors they represent, ensuring that the voices of the marginalized are considered in national policy-making.

Conclusion

The Party-List System is a vital part of the House of Representatives, meant to provide proportional representation and amplify the voices of marginalized sectors. However, its implementation has faced legal, political, and practical challenges. The key to its success lies in continued reform and proper enforcement to prevent abuses while ensuring that it fulfills its constitutional mandate.

District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment | House of Representatives | Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications | LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

House of Representatives: District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment

1. District Representatives:

The House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the Congress of the Philippines, and it consists of district representatives and party-list representatives. The primary function of the House of Representatives is to enact laws. The Philippine Constitution, specifically in Article VI, Section 5, outlines the structure, qualifications, and apportionment of the House of Representatives.

Composition of the House of Representatives:

• The House of Representatives is composed of members elected from legislative districts across the country and party-list representatives.
• Legislative districts are created based on geographical, population, and administrative considerations.
• Party-list representatives are elected to represent marginalized and underrepresented sectors of society.

District Representatives:

• District representatives are elected by voters from legislative districts. Each district elects one representative.
• The district representative serves a term of three years, with a limit of three consecutive terms.
• The qualifications for a district representative are provided in Article VI, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution, and they include:
  • A natural-born citizen of the Philippines.
  • At least 25 years of age on the day of the election.
  • Able to read and write.
  • A registered voter in the district in which the candidate is running.
  • A resident of the legislative district for not less than one year immediately preceding the election.

2. Apportionment of Legislative Districts:

Apportionment is the division or allocation of legislative districts based on specific criteria, such as population size, geography, and administrative convenience. The apportionment process determines the number of districts and their boundaries, which in turn affects the number of district representatives in the House.

Constitutional Basis for Apportionment:

• Article VI, Section 5 (1) of the 1987 Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed by law.
• Article VI, Section 5 (3) provides that Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts within three years following the return of every census.

Criteria for Apportionment:

• Population Size: The primary basis for creating legislative districts is the population size. The Constitution mandates that each legislative district shall have approximately equal numbers of inhabitants, ensuring that representation in the House of Representatives is proportionate to population distribution. This principle is often referred to as the "one-person, one-vote" rule, which aims to avoid malapportionment.
• Territorial Integrity: The Constitution also emphasizes that the legislative districts must respect the integrity of existing political subdivisions, such as provinces, cities, and municipalities. A district should be contiguous, compact, and adjacent, adhering to natural geographic boundaries and administrative divisions.
• Practicability and Administrative Convenience: In apportioning districts, Congress may also consider administrative convenience and the need for practicability in governance. However, population remains the overriding criterion.

Key Constitutional Provisions:

• Equal Representation: The Constitution seeks to achieve equal representation by requiring that legislative districts have a relatively uniform population size. This principle aims to ensure that all Filipinos are equally represented in the House of Representatives, regardless of their geographical location.
• Apportionment After Census: Congress is mandated to undertake reapportionment following the return of every national census, which occurs every ten years. This ensures that representation remains proportionate to population shifts and demographic changes. However, reapportionment is often delayed due to political considerations or legislative inaction.

3. Issues and Challenges in Apportionment:

Gerrymandering:

• Gerrymandering refers to the manipulation of legislative district boundaries to favor a particular political party or candidate. This practice undermines the principle of equal representation and often leads to disproportionate influence for certain regions or political groups.
• In the Philippines, there have been instances of gerrymandering, particularly in cases where new legislative districts are created for political convenience rather than based on population size. This is a contentious issue, as it compromises the democratic process by giving certain regions or politicians an unfair advantage.

Malapportionment:

• Malapportionment occurs when legislative districts have unequal population sizes, leading to an imbalance in representation. Districts with smaller populations may have disproportionately higher representation in the House, while more populous districts may be underrepresented.
• Malapportionment can occur due to delays in reapportionment, failure to account for rapid population growth in certain areas, or political considerations that prevent the proper realignment of district boundaries.

Delayed Reapportionment:

• One of the major issues in apportionment is the delay in reapportionment. Although the Constitution mandates reapportionment after every census, Congress has often failed to promptly adjust district boundaries. This has led to outdated districts that do not accurately reflect current population distribution.
• Delayed reapportionment results in malapportionment, which weakens the representational integrity of the House of Representatives.

Apportionment and Creation of New Legislative Districts:

• Congress has the authority to create new legislative districts, especially in areas that experience significant population growth or changes in administrative status (e.g., cities that are converted from municipalities).
• The creation of new districts is governed by Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code) and relevant laws that ensure administrative feasibility, population size, and political considerations.
• The creation of new districts should follow the constitutional mandate for equal representation and respect for political subdivisions.

4. Judicial Review of Apportionment:

The Supreme Court of the Philippines has the power to review the constitutionality of apportionment laws and the creation of legislative districts. Judicial review ensures that apportionment adheres to the principles of equal representation, population size, and territorial integrity.

Relevant Cases:

• Mariano vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 118577, 1995): In this case, the Supreme Court ruled on the creation of new legislative districts, emphasizing the need for compliance with the constitutional mandate on population size and political subdivision integrity.
• Bagabuyo vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 176970, 2007): This case involved the constitutionality of the creation of a new legislative district. The Supreme Court ruled that the creation of legislative districts must conform to the requirements of equal representation and respect for political subdivisions.

5. Conclusion:

The apportionment of legislative districts in the House of Representatives plays a critical role in ensuring democratic representation in the Philippines. The Constitution provides clear guidelines for the apportionment process, emphasizing equal representation, population size, and territorial integrity. However, issues such as gerrymandering, malapportionment, and delayed reapportionment remain challenges that must be addressed to ensure the integrity of the legislative process. Judicial review serves as a check on the apportionment process, ensuring compliance with constitutional standards. Ultimately, proper apportionment is essential for a functioning democracy that fairly represents the interests of all citizens.

Senate | Chambers of Congress; Composition; Qualifications | LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Senate of the Philippines: Composition, Qualifications, and Legislative Functions

I. Constitutional Basis

The Senate of the Philippines is one of the two chambers of Congress, alongside the House of Representatives. Its creation, composition, qualifications, and functions are primarily governed by the 1987 Philippine Constitution, specifically under Article VI (The Legislative Department).

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II. Composition of the Senate

The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines. This means that Senators represent the entire nation rather than specific districts or regions, unlike members of the House of Representatives.

• Term of Office:

  • A Senator serves for a term of six years.
  • However, no Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. A Senator who has served two consecutive terms must sit out at least one election cycle before becoming eligible to run again.

• Staggered Elections:

  • Elections for the Senate are held every three years during the mid-term and general elections. Half of the Senate (12 Senators) is elected every three years, ensuring that the chamber always has a blend of newly elected and incumbent Senators.

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III. Qualifications for Senators

Under Section 3, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution, the following qualifications are required for an individual to be eligible to run for the Senate:

1. Citizenship:

   • The candidate must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. This refers to individuals who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.

2. Age:

   • The candidate must be at least 35 years old on the day of the election.

3. Literacy:

   • The candidate must be able to read and write.

4. Voter Requirement:

   • The candidate must be a registered voter.

5. Residency:

   • The candidate must have resided in the Philippines for at least two years immediately preceding the day of the election.

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IV. Electoral Process and Term Limitation

1. At-Large Election: Senators are elected on a national scale, which differs from the district-based election of representatives in the House of Representatives. This gives Senators a national mandate.

2. Senatorial Elections: These elections are held every three years. As mentioned, half of the Senate is elected every three years to ensure continuity in legislative work.

3. Term Limitation: A Senator may only serve for two consecutive terms. After serving two consecutive terms, they must wait for one full term before running again.

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V. Role of the Senate in the Legislative Process

The Senate, as one chamber of Congress, plays a crucial role in the legislative process. Its powers and functions include:

1. Legislative Power:

   • Like the House of Representatives, the Senate has the power to propose, amend, and pass legislation.
   • Bills may originate from either the Senate or the House of Representatives, except for appropriation, revenue, or tariff bills, which must originate from the House.

2. Concurrence in Treaties and International Agreements:

   • The Senate holds the exclusive power to ratify treaties. No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds (16 votes) of all the members of the Senate (Section 21, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution).
   • This power allows the Senate to exercise control over foreign policy.

3. Impeachment Trials:

   • The Senate functions as an Impeachment Court, with the power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. The House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach, but the Senate tries the case.
   • For a conviction, the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate is necessary.
   • Impeachment cases may be brought against the President, Vice President, Members of the Supreme Court, Members of Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman (Section 2, Article XI, Constitution).

4. Confirmation of Appointments:

   • The Senate plays a role in the Commission on Appointments, a body responsible for confirming appointments made by the President, including appointments of key officials such as heads of departments, ambassadors, and officers of the armed forces with the rank of colonel or naval captain.
   • This ensures a system of checks and balances by preventing the President from making unqualified or partisan appointments.

5. Power of Inquiry:

   • The Senate has the authority to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation. This is an investigative function to gather information necessary for the crafting of laws (Section 21, Article VI, Constitution).
   • Committees in the Senate conduct hearings, summon witnesses, and request documents to assist in their inquiries. These inquiries must be related to the Senate’s legislative function.

6. Budgetary Power:

   • The Senate, along with the House of Representatives, is involved in the passage of the national budget. While the General Appropriations Bill must originate from the House, the Senate has the authority to propose amendments.

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VI. Leadership and Structure

The Senate is headed by the Senate President, who is elected by the members of the Senate from among themselves. The Senate President is the presiding officer and has significant powers and duties, including:

1. Appointment of Committees:

   • The Senate President appoints the chairs and members of the Senate's standing committees. These committees are essential to the legislative process, as they conduct hearings, review bills, and draft committee reports.

2. Presiding Over Sessions:

   • The Senate President presides over the sessions of the Senate, maintaining order and ensuring the proper conduct of legislative business.

3. Role in Succession:

   • The Senate President is third in the line of succession to the Presidency, after the Vice President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives (Section 7, Article VII, Constitution).

4. Representation in Joint Sessions:

   • The Senate President, along with the Speaker of the House, co-presides over joint sessions of Congress, such as when the President delivers the State of the Nation Address (SONA).

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VII. Relationship with the House of Representatives

While both the Senate and the House of Representatives possess legislative power, there are distinctions and collaborative functions between the two chambers:

1. Bicameral Legislature:

   • The Philippines has a bicameral legislature, meaning that both the Senate and the House must concur on the passage of a law. A bill must be approved by both chambers before it is presented to the President for approval or veto.

2. Conference Committees:

   • In cases of conflicting versions of a bill between the Senate and the House, a Bicameral Conference Committee is convened to reconcile the differences.

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VIII. Privileges and Immunities

Senators, like other members of Congress, are granted certain privileges and immunities by the Constitution:

1. Freedom from Arrest:

   • Senators are privileged from arrest for offenses punishable by not more than six years of imprisonment while Congress is in session (Section 11, Article VI, Constitution). This privilege is designed to ensure that legislators can perform their duties without undue interference.

2. Parliamentary Immunity:

   • Senators cannot be held liable for any speech or debate made in Congress or in any committee thereof (Section 11, Article VI, Constitution). This parliamentary privilege ensures that Senators can speak freely on matters of national importance without fear of legal action.

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IX. Conclusion

The Senate of the Philippines plays a crucial role in the legislative branch, acting as a national representative body. Its members are elected by the people, and its legislative powers are balanced by constitutional limitations. The chamber’s functions, such as passing laws, ratifying treaties, conducting impeachment trials, and confirming appointments, contribute to the checks and balances of the Philippine government, safeguarding democracy and the rule of law.