Custodial Investigation | THE BILL OF RIGHTS

N. Custodial Investigation under the Bill of Rights (Philippines)

Custodial investigation refers to the stage where a person is taken into custody by law enforcement authorities, during which questioning is carried out to elicit information or confessions. In the Philippines, custodial investigation is a critical aspect of the protection of individual rights, as it pertains to a person's right against self-incrimination and other rights guaranteed under the Bill of Rights (Article III) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

1. Legal Framework Governing Custodial Investigation

The 1987 Philippine Constitution, particularly Section 12, Article III, lays down the rights of persons under custodial investigation. These are:

1. Right to be Informed of Rights
   Before any questioning, a person must be informed of their rights, specifically:

   • The right to remain silent.
   • The right to have competent and independent counsel, preferably of their own choice.
   • The right against self-incrimination.

2. Assistance of Counsel

   • If the person cannot afford a lawyer, one must be provided free of charge.
   • This lawyer must be independent and competent. The mere presence of a lawyer without independence (such as one provided by law enforcement authorities with conflicts of interest) can be grounds to invalidate the statements made during the investigation.
   • Under RA 7438, any confession or admission obtained without the assistance of counsel is inadmissible in evidence.

3. Prohibition Against Torture, Force, Violence, Threats, or Intimidation

   • No torture, force, violence, threat, or intimidation may be used to extract information or confessions.
   • Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are strictly prohibited.
   • This is aligned with international human rights standards, such as those under the Convention Against Torture.

4. Right to Communicate with Family and Counsel

   • The detainee has the right to communicate with their legal counsel, family, or friends.
   • This right helps prevent arbitrary detention and ensures the availability of legal assistance and support.

5. Right to Waive Rights Only in Writing and in the Presence of Counsel

   • Any waiver of these rights must be made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently, and should be done in writing. Crucially, the waiver must be executed in the presence of the detainee’s lawyer.

6. Confessions Obtained in Violation of Rights

   • Any confession or admission obtained in violation of the aforementioned rights (e.g., without informing the suspect of their rights or in the absence of counsel) is inadmissible as evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative proceeding.

2. Jurisprudential Interpretations

Numerous decisions by the Supreme Court of the Philippines have elaborated on the nature and scope of custodial rights. Some key cases include:

1. People v. Javar (G.R. No. 74742, January 9, 1992)
   The Supreme Court held that the right to be informed of one’s rights is a continuing one. Law enforcement officers must not only inform the person of their rights at the start of custodial investigation but must continue to ensure that these rights are respected throughout the process.

2. People v. Mahinay (G.R. No. 122485, February 1, 1999)
   This case emphasized that confessions made without the assistance of competent counsel must be excluded from the evidence. Furthermore, the decision clarified that "assistance of counsel" means effective and genuine legal representation and not merely the pro forma presence of a lawyer.

3. People v. Andan (G.R. No. 116437, March 3, 1997)
   The Court ruled that while spontaneous statements not in response to questioning are admissible even without the presence of counsel, statements elicited through custodial interrogation without counsel remain inadmissible.

4. Miranda Doctrine in the Philippines (Miranda v. Arizona in U.S. Jurisprudence)
   The Miranda Doctrine, adopted in the Philippines, requires law enforcement authorities to inform suspects of their rights. Failure to do so invalidates any confession or admission made by the suspect during the custodial investigation.

3. Rights under RA 7438: An Act Defining the Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained, or Under Custodial Investigation

Republic Act No. 7438 (1992) further delineates the rights of individuals under custodial investigation, building on the Constitutional provisions. Key provisions include:

• Definition of Custodial Investigation
  RA 7438 defines "custodial investigation" as any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of their freedom of action in any significant way.

• Rights of Persons Under Custodial Investigation
  This act mandates that any arrested or detained person under custodial investigation must be informed, in a language or dialect known to them, of their rights under the Constitution.

• Counsel’s Role
  The law affirms the necessity of independent legal representation, specifying that appointed counsel should not be a public prosecutor or government lawyer, as this creates a conflict of interest.

• Penalties for Violation of Rights
  RA 7438 imposes penalties on law enforcement personnel who violate the rights of a detainee under custodial investigation. This includes imprisonment and fines for those who fail to inform the suspect of their rights or who fail to provide counsel.

4. Waiver of Rights

Under Philippine law, a waiver of custodial rights (e.g., the right to counsel) is only valid if it is made:

• Voluntarily and without coercion,
• In writing, and
• In the presence of counsel.

If these conditions are not met, any confession or admission made during the investigation is inadmissible.

5. Exceptions to the Rule of Exclusion

While confessions made without compliance with the procedural safeguards are generally inadmissible, the Supreme Court has identified certain exceptions:

• Res Gestae: Spontaneous statements made immediately after a crime are admissible, even if made without the presence of counsel, as long as they are voluntary.
• Volunteered Statements: A confession that is voluntarily given without any prompting by authorities, and is not a result of custodial questioning, may be admitted as evidence.

6. International Human Rights Standards

The Philippines is a signatory to several international agreements that reinforce the protection of individuals under custodial investigation:

• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): Article 14 ensures the right to a fair trial, which includes the right against self-incrimination and the right to legal assistance.
• Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: This treaty obliges the Philippine government to prevent torture or coercion during custodial investigation.

7. Practical Implications

In practice, custodial investigations in the Philippines are closely monitored, particularly in high-profile cases or where allegations of human rights violations exist. Courts meticulously scrutinize confessions obtained during this phase, often excluding those obtained without strict adherence to constitutional guarantees. Law enforcement officers are also regularly trained to comply with legal protocols to avoid the exclusion of critical evidence.

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In summary, custodial investigation in the Philippines is a crucial stage where the rights of individuals must be protected to ensure fairness and justice. The 1987 Constitution, RA 7438, and various Supreme Court rulings have established a robust legal framework that guarantees the rights to silence, counsel, and freedom from coercion during this process. These safeguards are in place to prevent abuses and ensure that only voluntary and legally obtained confessions are admissible in court.

The Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation under R.A. No. 7438 | Custodial Investigation | THE BILL OF RIGHTS

TOPIC: The Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained, or Under Custodial Investigation under R.A. No. 7438

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I. Overview of R.A. No. 7438

Republic Act No. 7438, also known as “An Act Defining Certain Rights of Person Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation as well as the Duties of the Arresting, Detaining and Investigating Officers, and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof,” was enacted on April 27, 1992. It was implemented to ensure that the rights of individuals arrested, detained, or under custodial investigation are protected, in line with the guarantees provided by the 1987 Philippine Constitution, particularly Article III (Bill of Rights), Section 12.

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II. Key Rights of Persons Under Custodial Investigation (R.A. No. 7438)

1. Right to Be Informed of Rights

Under Section 2(a) of R.A. No. 7438, it is mandated that persons arrested, detained, or under custodial investigation must be informed of the following rights:

• Right to remain silent.
• Right to have competent and independent counsel, preferably of their own choice.
• Right to be informed that if they cannot afford the services of counsel, they must be provided with one.

This is consistent with Section 12(1) of the 1987 Constitution, ensuring that an individual in custody is aware of his/her rights, to prevent self-incrimination and safeguard the dignity of the person.

2. Right to Competent and Independent Counsel

• Choice of Counsel: The arrested person has the right to counsel of his/her own choice. In cases where the person cannot afford a lawyer, the law mandates that an independent counsel be provided by the State at no cost. The lawyer must be competent and independent to ensure that the suspect’s rights are fully protected (Section 2(b)).

• Mandatory Presence of Counsel: During the entire period of custodial investigation, no waiver of the right to counsel shall be valid unless it is made in writing, in the presence of counsel (Section 2(d)).

• No Deprivation of Counsel: The law prohibits any individual under investigation from being prevented from conferring with counsel (Section 2(b)).

3. Prohibition on Torture, Violence, Threats, or Intimidation

Under Section 2(c), any use of force, violence, intimidation, threats, or other forms of coercion to extract information, confessions, or admissions from the individual under investigation is strictly prohibited. This provision safeguards the individual's dignity and human rights, reflecting the State's obligation to prevent torture and ensure humane treatment.

• In addition to R.A. No. 7438, Republic Act No. 9745 (Anti-Torture Act of 2009) further strengthens this protection by criminalizing torture and any forms of inhumane treatment.

4. Custodial Interrogation and Recording Requirements

Section 2(f) of R.A. No. 7438 mandates that any confession or admission obtained from a person under custodial investigation must be in writing and signed in the presence of counsel. If the confession is oral, it must be written and signed or otherwise formalized.

5. Waiver of Rights

Waivers of the rights mentioned in R.A. No. 7438 are only valid if made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. For a waiver to be valid, it must be made in writing and in the presence of the person’s counsel (Section 2(d)). This provision prevents the coercive extraction of waivers or admissions during custodial investigation.

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III. Duties of Arresting, Detaining, and Investigating Officers

1. Duty to Inform the Person of Their Rights

The arresting, detaining, or investigating officer must inform the arrested person, detained individual, or suspect of their rights during custodial investigation, as specified under Section 2(a). Failure to do so will result in a violation of the law and possible criminal sanctions.

2. Duty to Provide Counsel

If the person cannot afford counsel, it is the duty of the arresting officer to provide competent and independent counsel at no cost (Section 2(b)). The law mandates that a lawyer must be made available during custodial investigation, and this must be respected at all times.

3. Duty to Allow the Presence of Family and Legal Representatives

Under Section 2(e), the arresting or detaining officer must allow relatives, legal counsel, doctors, and even religious ministers to visit or consult with the person under custodial investigation. This duty applies especially during the first 48 hours of detention and is crucial to ensuring the suspect’s well-being and legal rights.

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IV. Penalties for Violations of R.A. No. 7438

Section 4 of R.A. No. 7438 provides for penalties for violations of the rights of persons under custodial investigation. Public officials or employees, or any arresting officer who fails to observe the rights provided by the law may face imprisonment, fines, or both, depending on the gravity of the violation. This provision serves as a deterrent against abuses committed by law enforcement authorities.

• Imprisonment: Penalties range from 8 years and 1 day to 10 years of imprisonment.
• Fines: A fine ranging from ₱6,000.00 to ₱10,000.00 may also be imposed, depending on the violation.

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V. Related Constitutional Provisions (1987 Constitution)

1. Section 12, Article III of the 1987 Constitution:

• This section explicitly provides that any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his rights to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel, preferably of his own choice.

• It also provides that any confession or admission obtained in violation of these rights shall be inadmissible in evidence against the person.

• The State is further tasked to enact laws and provide penal sanctions for violations of these rights.

2. Section 2, Article III of the 1987 Constitution:

• This section enshrines the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. It provides the legal basis for protection from arbitrary arrest or detention, thereby relating closely to the custodial investigation framework under R.A. No. 7438.

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VI. Jurisprudence on R.A. No. 7438

Numerous Supreme Court decisions have expounded on the scope and application of the rights under R.A. No. 7438:

1. People v. Javar (G.R. No. 158071, 2008): The Court emphasized the inadmissibility of confessions made without the presence of counsel, reaffirming the mandatory requirement of legal assistance during custodial investigation.

2. People v. Mahinay (G.R. No. 122485, 1997): This case reiterated that the waiver of the right to counsel must be executed with the assistance of a lawyer and that confessions made without counsel are inadmissible.

3. People v. Bacamante (G.R. No. 142930, 2001): The Court ruled that the failure to inform the arrested person of their rights under R.A. No. 7438 amounts to a violation that voids any confession or admission obtained during custodial investigation.

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VII. Conclusion

R.A. No. 7438 provides a robust framework for protecting the rights of individuals arrested, detained, or under custodial investigation, in line with constitutional principles. The law's emphasis on informed rights, the right to counsel, the prohibition of coercion, and the penalties for violation underscore the Philippines' commitment to human rights and due process in law enforcement procedures. Compliance with these safeguards is crucial for upholding the rule of law and preventing abuses during custodial investigation.

Requisites of a Valid Waiver and the Exclusionary Rule | Custodial Investigation | THE BILL OF RIGHTS

Political Law and Public International Law

The Bill of Rights

N. Custodial Investigation

1. Requisites of a Valid Waiver and the Exclusionary Rule

Custodial investigation refers to the stage where an individual has been taken into custody by law enforcement authorities, and interrogative procedures begin. This is critical because the rights of the person under investigation are at their most vulnerable. The constitutional and statutory provisions governing custodial investigation are designed to ensure that a person’s rights are safeguarded.

A. Custodial Investigation and Its Constitutional Basis

The right of a person under custodial investigation is enshrined under Section 12, Article III (The Bill of Rights) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. This provision safeguards the rights of individuals during custodial investigations, ensuring protection against abuse, coercion, and violations of human dignity.

Section 12, Article III of the 1987 Constitution states:

1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of their right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of their own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, they must be provided with one.
2. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
3. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against a person under investigation for the commission of an offense. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
4. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.

B. Requisites of a Valid Waiver

A waiver refers to the voluntary relinquishment of a known right. In the context of custodial investigation, a waiver usually pertains to the waiver of Miranda rights—the right to remain silent and the right to counsel.

For a waiver of these rights to be valid under the Constitution and established jurisprudence, the following requisites must be complied with:

1. The waiver must be made voluntarily – The waiver must be given freely, without any form of compulsion, coercion, or duress. It must be an act of free will.
2. The waiver must be made knowingly and intelligently – The person waiving their rights must be fully aware of what they are giving up. This requires that the individual understands the consequences of their waiver.
3. The waiver must be in writing – Verbal waivers are not sufficient. The waiver must be documented in writing to avoid any ambiguity or dispute about whether the individual waived their rights.
4. The waiver must be made in the presence of counsel – To ensure that the waiver is done intelligently and knowingly, the Constitution requires that the waiver of rights must be executed in the presence of competent and independent counsel. This requirement is absolute; a waiver executed without the assistance of counsel is invalid.

Without compliance with these requisites, any statement or confession given by a person under custodial investigation is inadmissible in evidence.

Case Law on Waiver:

• People v. Mahinay (G.R. No. 122485, February 1, 1999): The Supreme Court clarified that any waiver of constitutional rights, particularly in custodial investigations, must not only be voluntary but also made with full awareness of its consequences. The Court held that any confession obtained without the observance of these rights is inadmissible.

C. The Exclusionary Rule

The exclusionary rule is a legal principle that mandates the suppression of evidence obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights. In the Philippines, the exclusionary rule is embodied in Section 12(3), Article III of the Constitution.

This provision explicitly states that:

"Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him."

Thus, if an individual's rights under custodial investigation are violated, particularly the right to counsel or the right to remain silent, any confession, admission, or statement obtained from such person cannot be used as evidence against them in court.

The purpose of the exclusionary rule:

• To deter law enforcement officials from obtaining confessions or admissions through unconstitutional methods such as torture, coercion, or intimidation.
• To uphold the integrity of the judicial process, ensuring that evidence presented in court is obtained legally and is therefore reliable.

D. Scope of the Exclusionary Rule

1. Statements obtained without advising the suspect of their rights: Any confession made by the suspect without being informed of their right to remain silent and their right to counsel is inadmissible.
2. Statements obtained through coercion or intimidation: Any confession made under duress, intimidation, or any form of coercion is invalid, as it violates the suspect's right to due process and human dignity.
3. Failure to provide counsel: Even if the suspect waives their rights to remain silent, the waiver is void if not executed in the presence of counsel. Consequently, any statements made without the presence of counsel are inadmissible.

Case Law on the Exclusionary Rule:

• People v. Galit (G.R. No. L-51770, March 20, 1985): The Supreme Court held that any confession or admission made by a person under custodial investigation without the assistance of counsel is inadmissible in evidence. This case reinforced the mandatory nature of legal counsel during custodial interrogation.
• People v. Penera (G.R. No. 204458, June 28, 2016): The Court emphasized that the exclusionary rule operates automatically once it is shown that a suspect's rights were violated during custodial investigation.

E. The Role of Counsel in Custodial Investigation

The requirement that the waiver of rights during custodial investigation be executed in the presence of competent and independent counsel is crucial. The role of counsel is to ensure that the individual understands the consequences of waiving their constitutional rights.

In People v. Rapeza (G.R. No. 169431, August 15, 2012), the Court emphasized that the lawyer present during custodial investigation must not only be present in form, but must actively assist the individual under investigation. The presence of a "token" counsel—one who merely sits in without offering any advice or explanation—is insufficient and tantamount to no counsel at all.

F. Burden of Proof in Cases of Waiver and Violation

In cases where a confession or statement is challenged on the ground that it was obtained in violation of the suspect’s constitutional rights, the burden of proof rests on the prosecution to show that the rights were properly observed and that the waiver was valid.

Jurisprudence:

• In People v. Pascual (G.R. No. 203454, February 25, 2015), the Supreme Court held that the prosecution bears the burden of proving that the accused’s rights were respected and that any confession or waiver made was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.

G. Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule

There are no exceptions to the exclusionary rule in the Philippines concerning violations of rights during custodial investigation. The rule is absolute. Once a violation is established, any evidence obtained is automatically inadmissible, regardless of the seriousness of the offense or the strength of the other evidence.

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Conclusion

The constitutional rights of persons under custodial investigation are sacrosanct and protected by stringent legal safeguards. A waiver of these rights must meet specific requirements to be valid, particularly being voluntary, knowing, and executed in writing with the assistance of counsel. The exclusionary rule ensures that any evidence obtained in violation of these rights is inadmissible in court, serving as a vital deterrent against abuse and upholding the integrity of the judicial process.