Below is an in-depth legal article discussing how to address, and ultimately report, an unlicensed dentist in the Philippines. It covers the relevant Philippine laws, government agencies responsible for regulation, practical steps for filing a report or complaint, and possible legal consequences for the unlicensed practitioner.

1. Overview of Dental Practice Regulation in the Philippines

1.1 Governing Laws and Regulations

Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9484 – Known as the “Philippine Dental Act of 2007.” This is the primary law governing the practice of dentistry, dental hygiene, and dental technology in the Philippines.
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) – A government agency mandated by law to regulate various professions, including dentistry. The PRC, through the Board of Dentistry, oversees the licensure, practice standards, and professional conduct of dentists.

1.2 Scope of the Philippine Dental Act of 2007

The Act defines the practice of dentistry, including dental procedures (e.g., tooth extraction, tooth filling, prophylaxis, and other oral healthcare services).
It stipulates that only duly licensed dentists who hold a valid PRC identification card and certificate of registration are allowed to practice.

1.3 The Board of Dentistry

Created under the PRC, the Board of Dentistry is responsible for:
- Formulating and administering licensure examinations for aspiring dentists.
- Issuing certificates of registration and professional licenses.
- Investigating complaints and taking disciplinary action against erring dentists.

2. Why Reporting an Unlicensed Dentist Matters

Patient Safety: Unlicensed individuals might lack the necessary education, training, and skills to perform safe dental procedures, endangering the health and well-being of patients.
Legal Compliance: Engaging in dentistry without a valid license is illegal, punishable under R.A. 9484 and other relevant laws.
Professional Standards: Licensed dentists are held to strict ethical and professional guidelines. Unlicensed practice undermines these standards and may erode public trust.

3. Identifying an Unlicensed Dentist

Missing PRC License: A dentist must display their current PRC license in their clinic or office. One of the first signs of an unlicensed practitioner is the absence of such a license or refusal to show one upon request.
Dubious Location/Setups: If someone operates in non-traditional spaces (e.g., makeshift setups in markets, back-alley “clinics,” or private homes) and offers dental services for suspiciously low fees, this may be a red flag.
Verification with the PRC: Before undergoing any procedure, a patient can check the dentist’s name in the PRC database or directly request to see the dentist’s PRC identification card and certificate of registration.

4. Legal Framework for Filing a Complaint

4.1 Applicable Penalties under R.A. 9484

Under R.A. 9484 (Sections 33 and 34), it is unlawful to:

Practice dentistry without a valid certificate of registration and professional license.
Use false or fraudulent documents to obtain a dental license.
Represent oneself as a dentist without the necessary credentials.

Violations can result in:

Administrative penalties (e.g., suspension or revocation of license—if one was previously acquired but is expired or invalid).
Criminal penalties, such as fines and/or imprisonment (in cases of completely unlicensed individuals or severe infractions).

4.2 Other Relevant Legal Provisions

Revised Penal Code (RPC): Depending on the facts (e.g., if fraud is involved), the offender may also be charged for estafa or other crimes under the Revised Penal Code.
Consumer Act of the Philippines (R.A. 7394): Providing deceptive services or defrauding consumers can be punished under consumer protection laws, especially when the public is endangered or misled.

5. Steps to Report an Unlicensed Dentist

5.1 Gather Evidence

Documented Proof: Collect any form of receipt, prescription, or advertisement of the alleged dental services. Screenshots of social media posts or text messages where the unlicensed individual is offering dental work can serve as valuable evidence.
Witness Statements: If possible, ask other patients or witnesses who have received services from the unlicensed practitioner to testify or provide written statements.
Photographic/Video Evidence: If safely obtainable, photograph or record the setup of the so-called “clinic” or the unlicensed dentist actually performing procedures.

5.2 File a Complaint with the PRC

Complaint Letter: Draft a formal letter addressed to the PRC or Board of Dentistry, stating the facts of the case (dates, name of the unlicensed dentist, nature of the dental procedures, any harm caused).
Supporting Documents: Attach all relevant evidence (e.g., receipts, photos, affidavits).
Sworn Statement: Have your complaint letter and accompanying statements notarized to add legal weight.

5.3 Coordinate with Local Authorities

Barangay Officials: Since the practice likely occurs in a specific community, you may lodge an initial report with the barangay. Barangay officials often coordinate with the PRC or law enforcement.
Philippine National Police (PNP): In cases where the unlicensed dentist refuses to stop or commits fraud or other criminal acts, you may file a police blotter or complaint, providing the same evidence you submitted to the PRC.
Local Government Units (LGUs): Some LGUs have local regulatory bodies (e.g., city health office) that can inspect establishments or clinics for proper permits. If the dentist has no business permit or lacks accreditation, this is another avenue for action.

5.4 Seek Legal Assistance

If the situation is more serious—e.g., it involves significant harm, widespread deceit, or large sums of money—it is wise to seek help from:

A Private Lawyer: Can guide you in filing a more comprehensive civil or criminal complaint, and also claim damages if you have suffered injury.
Public Attorney’s Office (PAO): If you cannot afford legal fees, you may request assistance from the PAO, which can represent complainants in certain criminal and civil actions.

6. Possible Outcomes and Enforcement

Administrative Sanctions: If a person is a previously licensed dentist but is practicing with a suspended, expired, or revoked license, the PRC Board of Dentistry can impose additional suspension or complete revocation of the license.
Criminal Liability: The unlicensed individual may face imprisonment and/or fines under R.A. 9484. The specific penalty depends on the severity and circumstances of the offense (e.g., how many patients were treated, harm caused).
Civil Liability: Victims who were harmed or incurred medical expenses due to the unlicensed dentist’s actions may seek compensation via a civil lawsuit.
Closure of the Facility: If it is an unregistered establishment, local government units or relevant regulatory bodies can issue a cease-and-desist order.

7. Practical Tips for the Public

Verify the Dentist’s License
- Ask for the practitioner’s full name and license number; verify through the PRC’s online database or request to see the physical PRC identification card.
Be Wary of Suspiciously Low Prices or Informal Setups
- While legitimate dental clinics might offer promotions, extremely cheap services performed under non-sterile or makeshift conditions should raise alarms.
Maintain Records
- Keep invoices, prescriptions, and any written notes from the dentist for future reference or potential complaints.
Seek Second Opinions
- If you suspect malpractice or find red flags about a dentist’s legitimacy, do not hesitate to consult a second licensed practitioner or a local dental association.

8. Conclusion

Reporting an unlicensed dentist in the Philippines is not merely a matter of personal diligence—it is a public health imperative. By understanding the laws under R.A. 9484, the role of the PRC and Board of Dentistry, and the correct steps for filing a complaint, citizens can effectively help put an end to illegal dentistry. Taking action ensures the public’s safety, upholds the integrity of the dental profession, and protects patients from potentially hazardous or fraudulent practitioners.

If you suspect that someone is practicing dentistry without a valid license, gather evidence, seek legal advice, and promptly contact the PRC or local authorities. Your proactive stand can save others from harm and safeguard the high standards of dental care expected in the Philippines.