Query: Can a person be considered as having committed slander if they indirectly spread fake news?

In the context of Philippine law, the concept of slander (or oral defamation) specifically refers to the act of publicly and maliciously imputing a crime or a defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance to another person, thereby causing the latter's reputation to suffer. Slander is articulated orally, and Philippine law distinguishes between simple and grave slander based on the gravity of the language used and the circumstances of the case.

Key Points Regarding Indirect Involvement in Spreading False Information:

Liability for Indirect Participation: The liability for indirectly spreading false information can be complex. If a person shares or reposts false information without creating it, they may still face legal consequences if they do so with malice, meaning they know the information is false and intend harm by spreading it.
Determining Malice: Malice must be proven for a statement to be considered slanderous when the statement does not inherently imply harmful intent. If the perpetrator knew the information was false or acted with reckless disregard for the truth, it is typically sufficient to demonstrate malice.
Cyber Libel Considerations: Under the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, online statements—including those made through social media—can be subject to libel charges, which is a broader and more severe category than traditional slander. This includes reposting or sharing false information.
Legal Actions and Defenses: The accused may argue that they were unaware of the falsity of the information, which could be a defense depending on the circumstances. However, ignorance may not always absolve one from liability, especially if a reasonable person would have questioned the veracity of the information.

Preventive Measures:

Verify Information Before Sharing: It's crucial to verify the accuracy of information before sharing it online. Ensuring the reliability of the source and the facts can prevent potential legal issues.
Awareness and Education: Regularly educating oneself about the legal consequences of spreading misinformation can help mitigate risks.

Conclusion:

In the Philippines, the indirect spreading of false information can potentially lead to legal consequences under defamation laws, particularly if done maliciously. Individuals should exercise caution and responsibility when sharing information, recognizing the impact their actions can have on others' reputations and legal standing. This awareness is vital in maintaining personal integrity and respecting the legal rights of all individuals in the digital age.